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The Levitical Cities

35 [a] Then the Lord spoke to Moses in the rift valley plains[b] of Moab along the Jordan near Jericho. He said: “Instruct the Israelites to give[c] the Levites towns to live in from the inheritance the Israelites[d] will possess. You must also give the Levites grazing land around the towns. Thus they will have towns in which to live, and their grazing lands will be for their cattle, for their possessions, and for all their animals. The grazing lands around the towns that you will give to the Levites must extend to a distance of 500 yards[e] from the town wall.

“You must measure[f] from outside the wall of the town on the east 1,000 yards,[g] and on the south side 1,000 yards, and on the west side 1,000 yards, and on the north side 1,000 yards, with the town in the middle.[h] This territory must belong to them as grazing land for the towns. Now from these towns that you will give to the Levites you must select six towns of refuge to which a person who has killed someone may flee.[i] And you must give them forty-two other towns.

“So the total of the towns you will give the Levites is forty-eight. You must give these together with their grazing lands. The towns you will give must be from the possession of the Israelites. From the larger tribes you must give more; and from the smaller tribes fewer. Each must contribute some of its own towns to the Levites in proportion to the inheritance allocated to each.

The Cities of Refuge

Then the Lord spoke to Moses: 10 “Speak to the Israelites and tell them, ‘When you cross over the Jordan River[j] into the land of Canaan, 11 you must then designate some towns as towns of refuge for you, to which a person who has killed someone unintentionally may flee. 12 And they must stand as your towns of refuge from the avenger in order that the killer may not die until he has stood trial before the community. 13 These towns that you must give shall be your six towns for refuge.

14 “‘You must give three towns on this side of the Jordan, and you must give three towns in the land of Canaan; they must be towns of refuge. 15 These six towns will be places of refuge for the Israelites, and for the resident foreigner, and for the settler among them, so that anyone who kills any person accidentally may flee there.

16 “‘But if he hits someone with an iron tool so that he dies,[k] he is a murderer. The murderer must surely be put to death. 17 If he strikes him by throwing a stone large enough that he could die, and he dies, he is a murderer. The murderer must surely be put to death. 18 Or if he strikes him with a wooden hand weapon so that he could die, and he dies, he is a murderer. The murderer must surely be put to death. 19 The avenger[l] of blood himself must kill the murderer; when he meets him, he must kill him.

20 “‘But if he strikes him out of hatred or throws something at him intentionally[m] so that he dies, 21 or with enmity he strikes him with his hand and he dies, the one who struck him must surely be put to death, for he is a murderer. The avenger of blood must kill the murderer when he meets him.

22 “But if he strikes him suddenly, without enmity, or throws anything at him unintentionally, 23 or with any stone large enough that a man could die, without seeing him, and throws it at him, and he dies, even though he was not his enemy nor sought his harm, 24 then the community must judge between the slayer and the avenger of blood according to these decisions. 25 The community must deliver the slayer out of the hand of the avenger of blood, and the community must restore him to the town of refuge to which he fled, and he must live there[n] until the death of the high priest, who was anointed with the consecrated oil. 26 But if the slayer at any time goes outside the boundary of the town to which he had fled, 27 and the avenger of blood finds him outside the borders of the town of refuge, and the avenger of blood kills the slayer, he will not be guilty of blood, 28 because the slayer[o] should have stayed in his town of refuge until the death of the high priest. But after the death of the high priest, the slayer may return to the land of his possessions. 29 So these things must be a statutory ordinance[p] for you throughout your generations, in all the places where you live.

30 “Whoever kills any person, the murderer must be put to death by the testimony[q] of witnesses, but one witness cannot[r] testify against any person to cause him to be put to death. 31 Moreover, you must not accept a ransom for the life of a murderer who is guilty of death; he must surely be put to death. 32 And you must not accept a ransom for anyone who has fled to a town of refuge, to allow him to return home and live on his own land before the death of the high priest.[s]

33 “‘You must not pollute the land where you live, for blood defiles the land, and the land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed there, except by the blood of the person who shed it. 34 Therefore do not defile the land that you will inhabit, in which I live, for I the Lord live among the Israelites.’”

Footnotes

  1. Numbers 35:1 sn This section has two main parts, the Levitical cities (vv. 1-8) and the Cities of Refuge (vv. 9-34).
  2. Numbers 35:1 sn This is the area of the rift valley basin to the north of the Dead Sea and east of the Jordan. See the note at Num 21:1.
  3. Numbers 35:2 tn The verb is the perfect tense with vav (ו) consecutive: “command…and they will give,” or “that they give.”
  4. Numbers 35:2 tn Heb “they”; the referent (the Israelites) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  5. Numbers 35:4 tn Heb “1,000 cubits.” The standard cubit in the OT is assumed by most authorities to be about 18 inches (45 cm) in length, so this would be a distance of 1,500 feet or 500 yards (457.2 meters).
  6. Numbers 35:5 tn The verb is the Qal perfect of מָדַד (madad, “to measure”). With its vav (ו) consecutive it carries the same instructional force as the imperfect.
  7. Numbers 35:5 tn Heb “2,000 cubits” (also three more times in this verse). This would be a distance of 3,000 feet or 1,000 yards (914.4 meters).
  8. Numbers 35:5 sn The precise nature of the layout described here is not altogether clear. V. 4 speaks of the distance from the wall as being 500 yards; v. 5, however, describes measurements of 1,000 yards. Various proposals have been made in order to harmonize vv. 4 and 5. P. J. Budd, Numbers (WBC), 376, makes the following suggestion: “It may be best to assume that the cubits of the Levitical pasture lands are cubit frontages of land—in other words on each side of the city there was a block of land with a frontage of 2,000 cubits (v 5), and a depth of 1000 cubits (v 4).”
  9. Numbers 35:6 tn The “manslayer” is the verb “to kill” in a participial form, providing the subject of the clause. The verb means “to kill”; it can mean accidental killing, premeditated killing, or capital punishment. The clause uses the infinitive to express purpose or result: “to flee there the manslayer,” means “so that the manslayer may flee there.”
  10. Numbers 35:10 tn The word “River” is not in the Hebrew text, but has been supplied in the translation for clarity.
  11. Numbers 35:16 tn the verb is the preterite of “die.” The sentence has: “if…he strikes him and he dies.” The vav (ו) consecutive is showing the natural result of the blow.
  12. Numbers 35:19 tn The participle גֹּאֵל (goʾel) is the one who protects the family by seeking vengeance for a crime. This is the same verb used for levirate marriages and other related customs.
  13. Numbers 35:20 tn The Hebrew text is more vivid: “by lying in wait.”
  14. Numbers 35:25 tn Heb “in it.”
  15. Numbers 35:28 tn Heb “he.”
  16. Numbers 35:29 tn Heb “a statute of judgment” (so KJV).
  17. Numbers 35:30 tn Heb “at the mouth of”; the metonymy stresses it is at their report.
  18. Numbers 35:30 tn The verb should be given the nuance of imperfect of potentiality.
  19. Numbers 35:32 tn Heb “the priest.” The Greek and the Syriac have “high priest.” The present translation, along with many English versions, uses “high priest” as a clarification.

Ciudades para los levitas

35 Mientras Israel acampaba junto al Jordán, en las llanuras de Moab, frente a Jericó, el Señor le dijo a Moisés: «Ordena a los israelitas que, de las propiedades que recibieron, entreguen a los levitas algunas ciudades donde vivir, junto con los pastizales que las rodean. Los levitas vivirán en esas ciudades y las tierras que las rodean proveerán pastura para su ganado, rebaños y otros animales. Los pastizales alrededor de esas ciudades, asignados a los levitas, se extenderán por cuatrocientos sesenta metros[a] a partir de las murallas de las ciudades en todas direcciones. Midan novecientos veinte metros[b] afuera de las murallas de las ciudades en cada dirección—oriente, sur, occidente y norte—y la ciudad quedará en el centro. Esta área será otro pastizal, aún más grande para las ciudades.

»Seis de las ciudades que entreguen a los levitas serán ciudades de refugio, adonde una persona que haya matado a alguien por accidente pueda huir y ponerse a salvo. Además entréguenles otras cuarenta y dos ciudades. En total, darás a los levitas cuarenta y ocho ciudades con los pastizales que las rodean. Estas ciudades las tomarán de las propiedades del pueblo de Israel. Las tribus más grandes darán más ciudades a los levitas, mientras que las tribus más pequeñas darán menos. Cada tribu dará terreno en proporción al tamaño de la tierra que recibió».

Ciudades de refugio

El Señor le dijo a Moisés: 10 «Da las siguientes instrucciones al pueblo de Israel.

»Cuando crucen el Jordán para entrar a la tierra de Canaán, 11 designen ciudades de refugio adonde una persona pueda huir si ha matado a alguien por accidente. 12 Estas ciudades servirán como lugares de protección contra los parientes de la víctima que quieran vengar la muerte. No se le quitará la vida al responsable de la muerte antes de que la comunidad lo juzgue. 13 Designen seis ciudades de refugio para ustedes mismos: 14 tres al oriente del río Jordán y tres al occidente, en la tierra de Canaán. 15 Estas ciudades servirán para proteger a los israelitas, a los extranjeros que vivan entre ustedes y a los comerciantes ambulantes. Cualquiera que mate a alguien por accidente podrá huir allí para ponerse a salvo.

16 »Sin embargo, si alguien golpea y mata a otro con un objeto de hierro, comete homicidio y el asesino debe ser ejecutado. 17 Si alguien con una piedra en la mano golpea y mata a otro, comete homicidio y el asesino debe ser ejecutado. 18 Si alguien golpea y mata a otro con un objeto de madera, comete homicidio y el asesino debe ser ejecutado. 19 El pariente más cercano de la víctima es responsable de quitarle la vida al asesino. Cuando ellos se encuentren, el vengador debe quitarle la vida al asesino. 20 Así que, si alguien por odio le tiende una emboscada a otro y luego lo empuja o le lanza algo y esa persona muere, comete homicidio. 21 O si alguien por odio golpea a otro con su puño y esa persona muere, comete homicidio. En tales casos, el vengador tiene que quitarle la vida al asesino cuando se encuentren.

22 »Ahora bien, supongamos que alguien empuja a otro sin enemistad previa, o lanza algo que, sin intención, golpea a otro, 23 o por accidente deja caer una piedra grande sobre alguien y, aunque no eran enemigos, la persona muere. 24 Si esto llegara a suceder, la comunidad debe seguir las siguientes normas al juzgar entre el responsable de la muerte y el vengador, el pariente más cercano de la víctima. 25 La comunidad debe proteger al responsable de la muerte del vengador y debe escoltarlo para que regrese a vivir en la ciudad de refugio a la que huyó. Allí permanecerá hasta la muerte del sumo sacerdote, que fue ungido con el aceite sagrado.

26 »Sin embargo, si el responsable de la muerte alguna vez sale de los límites de la ciudad de refugio, 27 y el vengador lo encuentra fuera de la ciudad y lo mata, su muerte no será considerada homicidio. 28 El responsable de la muerte debió haber permanecido dentro de la ciudad de refugio hasta la muerte del sumo sacerdote; pero después de la muerte del sumo sacerdote, el responsable de la muerte podrá volver a su propia tierra. 29 Estos son requisitos legales y tendrán que cumplirse de generación en generación, dondequiera que vivan.

30 »Todos los asesinos deben ser ejecutados, pero solo si las pruebas son presentadas por más de un testigo. No se puede condenar a muerte a nadie por el testimonio de un solo testigo. 31 Tampoco se aceptará el pago de rescate por la vida de alguien que haya sido juzgado y encontrado culpable de asesinato y condenado a muerte; siempre se debe ejecutar a los asesinos. 32 Nunca acepten el pago de rescate de alguien que haya huido a una ciudad de refugio, pues haría que el responsable de la muerte de alguien volviera a su tierra antes de la muerte del sumo sacerdote. 33 Esto garantizará que la tierra donde ustedes vivan no se contamine, pues el asesinato contamina la tierra. Y ningún sacrificio, salvo la ejecución del asesino, puede purificar la tierra del asesinato.[c] 34 No deben manchar la tierra donde viven, porque yo mismo habito allí. Yo soy el Señor que habito entre el pueblo de Israel».

Footnotes

  1. 35:4 En hebreo 1000 codos [1500 pies].
  2. 35:5 En hebreo 2000 codos [3000 pies].
  3. 35:33 O puede hacer expiación por asesinato.