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Mark 12
New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition
Mark 12
New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition
The Parable of the Wicked Tenants
12 Then he began to speak to them in parables. “A man planted a vineyard, put a fence around it, dug a pit for the winepress, and built a watchtower; then he leased it to tenants and went away.(A) 2 When the season came, he sent a slave to the tenants to collect from them his share of the produce of the vineyard. 3 But they seized him and beat him and sent him away empty-handed. 4 And again he sent another slave to them; this one they beat over the head and insulted. 5 Then he sent another, and that one they killed. And so it was with many others; some they beat, and others they killed. 6 He had still one other, a beloved son. Finally he sent him to them, saying, ‘They will respect my son.’ 7 But those tenants said to one another, ‘This is the heir; come, let us kill him, and the inheritance will be ours.’ 8 So they seized him, killed him, and threw him out of the vineyard. 9 What then will the owner of the vineyard do? He will come and destroy the tenants and give the vineyard to others. 10 Have you not read this scripture:
‘The stone that the builders rejected
has become the cornerstone;[a](B)
11 this was the Lord’s doing,
and it is amazing in our eyes’?”
12 When they realized that he had told this parable against them, they wanted to arrest him, but they feared the crowd. So they left him and went away.(C)
The Question about Paying Taxes
13 Then they sent to him some Pharisees and some Herodians to trap him in what he said.(D) 14 And they came and said to him, “Teacher, we know that you are sincere and show deference to no one, for you do not regard people with partiality but teach the way of God in accordance with truth. Is it lawful to pay taxes to Caesar or not? 15 Should we pay them, or should we not?” But knowing their hypocrisy, he said to them, “Why are you putting me to the test? Bring me a denarius and let me see it.” 16 And they brought one. Then he said to them, “Whose head is this and whose title?” They answered, “Caesar’s.” 17 Jesus said to them, “Give to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s and to God the things that are God’s.” And they were utterly amazed at him.(E)
The Question about the Resurrection
18 Some Sadducees, who say there is no resurrection, came to him and asked him a question, saying, 19 “Teacher, Moses wrote for us that if a man’s brother dies, leaving a wife but no child, the man[b] shall marry the widow and raise up children for his brother.(F) 20 There were seven brothers; the first married and, when he died, left no children, 21 and the second married the widow[c] and died, leaving no children, and the third likewise; 22 none of the seven left children. Last of all the woman herself died. 23 In the resurrection, when they rise,[d] whose wife will she be? For all seven had married her.”
24 Jesus said to them, “Is not this the reason you are wrong, that you know neither the scriptures nor the power of God? 25 For when people rise from the dead, they neither marry nor are given in marriage but are like angels in heaven.(G) 26 And as for the dead being raised, have you not read in the book of Moses, in the story about the bush, how God said to him, ‘I am the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob’?(H) 27 He is God not of the dead but of the living; you are quite wrong.”
The First Commandment
28 One of the scribes came near and heard them disputing with one another, and seeing that he answered them well he asked him, “Which commandment is the first of all?”(I) 29 Jesus answered, “The first is, ‘Hear, O Israel: the Lord our God, the Lord is one;(J) 30 you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind and with all your strength.’ 31 The second is this, ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself.’ There is no other commandment greater than these.”(K) 32 Then the scribe said to him, “You are right, Teacher; you have truly said that ‘he is one, and besides him there is no other’;(L) 33 and ‘to love him with all the heart and with all the understanding and with all the strength’ and ‘to love one’s neighbor as oneself’—this is much more important than all whole burnt offerings and sacrifices.”(M) 34 When Jesus saw that he answered wisely, he said to him, “You are not far from the kingdom of God.” After that no one dared to ask him any question.(N)
The Question about David’s Son
35 While Jesus was teaching in the temple, he said, “How can the scribes say that the Messiah[e] is the son of David?(O) 36 David himself, by the Holy Spirit, declared,
‘The Lord said to my Lord,
“Sit at my right hand,
until I put your enemies under your feet.” ’(P)
37 “David himself calls him Lord, so how can he be his son?” And the large crowd was listening to him with delight.(Q)
Jesus Denounces the Scribes
38 As he taught, he said, “Beware of the scribes, who like to walk around in long robes and to be greeted with respect in the marketplaces(R) 39 and to have the best seats in the synagogues and places of honor at banquets! 40 They devour widows’ houses and for the sake of appearance say long prayers. They will receive the greater condemnation.”
The Widow’s Offering
41 He sat down opposite the treasury and watched the crowd putting money into the treasury. Many rich people put in large sums.(S) 42 A poor widow came and put in two small copper coins, which are worth a penny. 43 Then he called his disciples and said to them, “Truly I tell you, this poor widow has put in more than all those who are contributing to the treasury.(T) 44 For all of them have contributed out of their abundance, but she out of her poverty has put in everything she had, all she had to live on.”
Marc 12
La Bible du Semeur
Marc 12
La Bible du Semeur
La culpabilité des chefs religieux juifs(A)
12 Puis il se mit à leur parler en utilisant des paraboles : Un homme planta une vigne, l’entoura d’une haie, creusa un pressoir, et bâtit une tour de guet[a]. Après cela, il la loua à des vignerons et partit en voyage. 2 Au moment des vendanges il envoya un de ses serviteurs aux vignerons pour recevoir la part du produit de sa vigne qui lui revenait. 3 Mais ceux-ci se précipitèrent sur ce serviteur, le rouèrent de coups et le renvoyèrent les mains vides. 4 Alors le propriétaire leur envoya un deuxième serviteur : celui-là, ils le frappèrent à la tête et le couvrirent d’insultes. 5 Le maître leur en envoya un troisième, et celui-là, ils le tuèrent ; puis beaucoup d’autres, et ils battirent les uns et tuèrent les autres.
6 Il ne lui restait plus, désormais, qu’une seule personne à envoyer : son fils bien-aimé. Il le leur envoya en dernier. Il se disait : « Pour mon fils au moins, ils auront du respect. » 7 Mais les vignerons se dirent entre eux : « Voilà l’héritier ! Venez ! Tuons-le ! Et l’héritage sera à nous ! » 8 Et ils se jetèrent sur lui, le tuèrent et traînèrent son cadavre hors du vignoble.
9 Que va faire le propriétaire de la vigne ? Il viendra lui-même, fera exécuter les vignerons et confiera le soin de sa vigne à d’autres. 10 N’avez-vous pas lu ces paroles de l’Ecriture :
11 La pierre que les constructeurs ╵ont rejetée
est devenue la pierre principale, ╵la pierre d’angle.
C’est du Seigneur ╵que cela est venu
et c’est un prodige à nos yeux[b].
12 Les chefs des prêtres, les spécialistes de la Loi et les responsables du peuple cherchaient un moyen d’arrêter Jésus. Mais ils avaient peur des réactions de la foule. En effet, ils avaient bien compris que c’était eux que Jésus visait par cette parabole. Ils le laissèrent donc, et se retirèrent.
Controverse sur l’impôt dû à César(B)
13 Cependant, ils lui envoyèrent une délégation de pharisiens et de membres du parti d’Hérode pour le prendre au piège de ses propres paroles. 14 Ils vinrent lui dire : Maître, nous savons que tu dis la vérité et que tu ne te laisses influencer par personne, car tu ne regardes pas à la position sociale, mais tu enseignes en toute vérité la voie à suivre selon Dieu. Dis-nous : A-t-on, oui ou non, le droit de payer des impôts à César ?
15 Mais Jésus, sachant combien ils étaient hypocrites, leur répondit : Pourquoi me tendez-vous un piège ? Apportez-moi une pièce d’argent, que je la voie !
16 Ils lui en apportèrent une.
Alors il leur demanda : Cette effigie et cette inscription, de qui sont-elles ?
– De César.
17 Alors Jésus leur dit : Rendez à César ce qui revient à César, et à Dieu ce qui revient à Dieu.
Ils en restèrent tout déconcertés.
Controverse sur la résurrection(C)
18 Des sadducéens vinrent aussi le trouver. Ils prétendent que les morts ne ressuscitent pas. Ils lui demandèrent : 19 Maître, dans ses écrits, Moïse nous a laissé ce commandement : Si un homme meurt en laissant une femme mais sans avoir eu d’enfant, son frère devra épouser sa veuve et donner une descendance au défunt[c]. 20 Or, il y avait sept frères. L’aîné s’est marié et il est mort sans laisser de descendant. 21 Le deuxième a épousé la veuve, puis il est décédé, lui aussi, sans avoir eu de descendant. Le troisième a fait de même. 22 Et ainsi de suite. Bref, les sept sont morts sans laisser de descendance. La femme est restée la dernière, puis elle est morte. 23 A la résurrection, quand ils ressusciteront tous, duquel d’entre eux sera-t-elle la femme ? Car tous les sept l’ont eue pour épouse.
24 Jésus leur dit : Vous êtes dans l’erreur, et en voici la raison : vous ne connaissez pas les Ecritures, ni quelle est la puissance de Dieu. 25 En effet, une fois ressuscités, les hommes et les femmes ne se marieront plus ; ils vivront comme les anges qui sont dans le ciel. 26 Quant à la résurrection des morts, n’avez-vous jamais lu dans le livre de Moïse, lorsqu’il est question du buisson ardent, en quels termes Dieu lui a parlé ? Il lui a dit : Je suis le Dieu d’Abraham, le Dieu d’Isaac, le Dieu de Jacob[d]. 27 Dieu n’est pas le Dieu des morts, mais le Dieu des vivants. Oui, vous êtes complètement dans l’erreur.
Le plus grand commandement(D)
28 Un des spécialistes de la Loi s’approcha de lui ; il avait entendu cette discussion et avait remarqué avec quel à-propos Jésus avait répondu. Il lui demanda : Quel est le commandement le plus important de tous ?
29 Jésus répondit : Voici le commandement le plus important : Ecoute, Israël, le Seigneur est notre Dieu, il est le seul Dieu ; 30 tu aimeras donc le Seigneur, ton Dieu, de tout ton cœur, de toute ton âme, de toute ta pensée et de toute ton énergie[e]. 31 Et voici celui qui vient en second rang : Tu aimeras ton prochain comme toi-même[f]. Il n’y a pas de commandement plus important que ceux-là.
32 – C’est bien, Maître, lui dit le spécialiste de la Loi, tu as dit vrai : il n’y a qu’un seul Dieu[g], il n’y en a pas d’autre que lui[h] : 33 l’aimer de tout son cœur, de toute son intelligence et de toute son énergie[i], ainsi qu’aimer son prochain comme soi-même[j], c’est bien plus important que tous les holocaustes[k] et tous les sacrifices.
34 Jésus, voyant qu’il avait répondu avec intelligence, lui dit : Tu n’es pas loin du royaume de Dieu.
Après cela, personne n’osa plus lui poser de question.
Controverse sur l’identité du Messie(E)
35 Pendant qu’il enseignait dans la cour du Temple, Jésus demanda : Comment les spécialistes de la Loi peuvent-ils dire que le Messie doit être un descendant de David ? 36 David lui-même, inspiré par le Saint-Esprit, a déclaré :
Le Seigneur a dit à mon Seigneur :
Viens siéger à ma droite[l]
jusqu’à ce que j’aie mis ╵tes ennemis ╵à terre sous tes pieds[m].
37 Si donc David lui-même appelle le Messie « Seigneur », comment celui-ci peut-il être son descendant ?
Il y avait là une foule nombreuse qui écoutait Jésus avec un vif plaisir.
La condamnation des spécialistes de la Loi(F)
38 Il disait dans son enseignement : Gardez-vous des spécialistes de la Loi : ils aiment à parader en costume de cérémonie, à être salués sur les places publiques, 39 à avoir les sièges d’honneur dans les synagogues et les meilleures places dans les banquets. 40 Mais ils dépouillent les veuves de leurs biens, tout en faisant de longues prières pour l’apparence. Leur condamnation n’en sera que plus sévère.
La vraie générosité(G)
41 Puis Jésus s’assit en face du tronc ; il observait ceux qui y déposaient de l’argent. Beaucoup de riches y avaient déjà déposé de fortes sommes quand arriva une pauvre veuve 42 qui déposa deux petites pièces, une somme minime.
43 Alors Jésus appela ses disciples et leur dit : Vraiment, je vous l’assure, cette pauvre veuve a donné bien plus que tous ceux qui ont mis de l’argent dans le tronc. 44 Car tous les autres ont seulement donné de leur superflu, mais elle, dans sa pauvreté, elle a donné tout ce qu’elle possédait, tout ce qu’elle avait pour vivre.
Footnotes
- 12.1 Es 5.1-2.
- 12.11 Ps 118.22-23.
- 12.19 Dt 25.5.
- 12.26 Ex 3.6, 15.
- 12.30 Dt 6.4-5.
- 12.31 Lv 19.18.
- 12.32 Dt 6.4.
- 12.32 Dt 4.35 ; Es 45.21.
- 12.33 Dt 6.5.
- 12.33 Lv 19.18.
- 12.33 Les holocaustes étaient les sacrifices les plus importants, dans lesquels les victimes étaient entièrement brûlées, c’est-à-dire entièrement consacrées à Dieu.
- 12.36 La droite du roi est la place d’honneur (Ps 45.10 ; 1 R 2.19).
- 12.36 Ps 110.1.
Mark 12
New English Translation
Mark 12
New English Translation
The Parable of the Tenants
12 Then[a] he began to speak to them in parables: “A man planted a vineyard.[b] He put a fence around it, dug a pit for its winepress, and built a watchtower. Then[c] he leased it to tenant farmers[d] and went on a journey. 2 At harvest time he sent a slave[e] to the tenants to collect from them[f] his portion of the crop.[g] 3 But[h] those tenants[i] seized his slave,[j] beat him,[k] and sent him away empty-handed.[l] 4 So[m] he sent another slave to them again. This one they struck on the head and treated outrageously. 5 He sent another, and that one they killed. This happened to many others, some of whom were beaten, others killed. 6 He had one left, his one dear son.[n] Finally he sent him to them, saying, ‘They will respect my son.’ 7 But those tenants said to one another, ‘This is the heir. Come, let’s kill him and the inheritance will be ours!’ 8 So[o] they seized him,[p] killed him, and threw his body[q] out of the vineyard.[r] 9 What then will the owner of the vineyard do? He will come and destroy[s] those tenants and give the vineyard to others.[t] 10 Have you not read this scripture:
‘The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone.[u]
11 This is from the Lord, and it is marvelous in our eyes’?”[v]
12 Now[w] they wanted to arrest him (but they feared the crowd), because they realized that he told this parable against them. So[x] they left him and went away.[y]
Paying Taxes to Caesar
13 Then[z] they sent some of the Pharisees[aa] and Herodians[ab] to trap him with his own words.[ac] 14 When they came they said to him, “Teacher, we know that you are truthful and do not court anyone’s favor, because you show no partiality[ad] but teach the way of God in accordance with the truth.[ae] Is it right[af] to pay taxes[ag] to Caesar[ah] or not? Should we pay or shouldn’t we?” 15 But he saw through their hypocrisy and said[ai] to them, “Why are you testing me? Bring me a denarius[aj] and let me look at it.” 16 So[ak] they brought one, and he said to them, “Whose image[al] is this, and whose inscription?” They replied,[am] “Caesar’s.” 17 Then Jesus said to them, “Give to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s.”[an] And they were utterly amazed at him.
Marriage and the Resurrection
18 Sadducees[ao] (who say there is no resurrection)[ap] also came to him and asked him,[aq] 19 “Teacher, Moses wrote for us: ‘If a man’s brother dies and leaves a wife but no children, that man[ar] must marry[as] the widow and father children[at] for his brother.’[au] 20 There were seven brothers. The first one married,[av] and when he died he had no children. 21 The second married her and died without any children, and likewise the third. 22 None of the seven had children. Finally, the woman died too. 23 In the resurrection, when they rise again,[aw] whose wife will she be? For all seven had married her.”[ax] 24 Jesus said to them, “Aren’t you deceived[ay] for this reason, because you don’t know the scriptures or the power of God? 25 For when they rise from the dead, they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like angels[az] in heaven. 26 Now as for the dead being raised,[ba] have you not read in the book of Moses, in the passage about the bush,[bb] how God said to him, ‘I am the God of Abraham, the[bc] God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob’?[bd] 27 He is not the God of the dead but of the living.[be] You are badly mistaken!”
The Greatest Commandment
28 Now[bf] one of the experts in the law[bg] came and heard them debating. When he saw that Jesus[bh] answered them well, he asked him, “Which commandment is the most important of all?” 29 Jesus answered, “The most important is: ‘Listen, Israel, the Lord our God, the Lord is one. 30 Love[bi] the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind, and with all your strength.’[bj] 31 The second is: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’[bk] There is no other commandment greater than these.” 32 The expert in the law said to him, “That is true, Teacher; you are right to say that he is one, and there is no one else besides him.[bl] 33 And to love him with all your heart, with all your mind, and with all your strength[bm] and to love your neighbor as yourself[bn] is more important than all burnt offerings and sacrifices.” 34 When Jesus saw that he had answered thoughtfully, he said to him, “You are not far from the kingdom of God.”[bo] Then no one dared any longer to question him.
The Messiah: David’s Son and Lord
35 While Jesus was teaching in the temple courts, he said, “How is it that the experts in the law[bp] say that the Christ[bq] is David’s son?[br] 36 David himself, by the Holy Spirit, said,
37 If David himself calls him ‘Lord,’ how can he be his son?”[bu] And the large crowd was listening to him with delight.
Warnings About Experts in the Law
38 In his teaching Jesus[bv] also said, “Watch out for the experts in the law.[bw] They like walking[bx] around in long robes and elaborate greetings[by] in the marketplaces,[bz] 39 and the best seats in the synagogues[ca] and the places of honor at banquets. 40 They[cb] devour widows’ property,[cc] and as a show make long prayers. These men will receive a more severe punishment.”
The Widow’s Offering
41 Then[cd] he[ce] sat down opposite the offering box,[cf] and watched the crowd putting coins into it. Many rich people were throwing in large amounts. 42 And a poor widow came and put in two small copper coins,[cg] worth less than a penny. 43 He called his disciples and said to them, “I tell you the truth,[ch] this poor widow has put more into the offering box[ci] than all the others.[cj] 44 For they all gave out of their wealth.[ck] But she, out of her poverty, put in what she had to live on, everything she had.”[cl]
Footnotes
- Mark 12:1 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
- Mark 12:1 sn The vineyard is a figure for Israel in the OT (Isa 5:1-7). The nation and its leaders are the tenants, so the vineyard here may well refer to the promise that resides within the nation. The imagery is like that in Rom 11:11-24.
- Mark 12:1 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
- Mark 12:1 sn The leasing of land to tenant farmers was common in this period.
- Mark 12:2 tn See the note on the word “slave” in 10:44.sn This slave (along with the others) represent the prophets God sent to the nation, who were mistreated and rejected.
- Mark 12:2 tn Grk “from the tenants,” but this is redundant in English, so the pronoun (“them”) was used in the translation.
- Mark 12:2 tn Grk “from the fruits of the vineyard.”
- Mark 12:3 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.
- Mark 12:3 tn Grk “But they”; the referent (the tenants, v. 1) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- Mark 12:3 tn Grk “seizing him, they beat and sent away empty-handed.” The referent of the direct object of “seizing” (the slave sent by the owner) has been specified in the translation for clarity. The objects of the verbs “beat” and “sent away” have been supplied in the translation to conform to English style. Greek often omits direct objects when they are clear from the context.
- Mark 12:3 sn The image of the tenants beating up the owner’s slave pictures the nation’s rejection of the prophets and their message.
- Mark 12:3 sn The slaves being sent empty-handed suggests that the vineyard was not producing any fruit—and thus neither was the nation of Israel.
- Mark 12:4 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the tenants’ mistreatment of the first slave.
- Mark 12:6 tn Grk “one beloved son.” See comment at Mark 1:11.sn The owner’s decision to send his one dear son represents God sending Jesus.
- Mark 12:8 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of previous action(s) in the narrative.
- Mark 12:8 tn Grk “seizing him.” The participle λαβόντες (labontes) has been translated as attendant circumstance.
- Mark 12:8 tn Grk “him.”
- Mark 12:8 sn Throwing the heir’s body out of the vineyard pictures Jesus’ death outside of Jerusalem.
- Mark 12:9 sn The statement that the owner will come and destroy those tenants is a promise of judgment; see Luke 13:34-35; 19:41-44.
- Mark 12:9 sn The warning that the owner would give the vineyard to others suggests that the care of the promise and the nation’s hope would be passed to others. This eventually looks to Gentile inclusion; see Eph 2:11-22.
- Mark 12:10 tn Or “capstone,” “keystone.” Although these meanings are lexically possible, the imagery in Eph 2:20-22 and 1 Cor 3:11 indicates that the term κεφαλὴ γωνίας (kephalē gōnias) refers to a cornerstone, not a capstone.sn The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone. The use of Ps 118:22-23 and the “stone imagery” as a reference to Christ and his suffering and exaltation is common in the NT (see also Matt 21:42; Luke 20:17; Acts 4:11; 1 Pet 2:6-8; cf. also Eph 2:20). The irony in the use of Ps 118:22-23 in Mark 12:10-11 is that in the OT, Israel was the one rejected (or perhaps her king) by the Gentiles, but in the NT it is Jesus who is rejected by Israel.
- Mark 12:11 sn A quotation from Ps 118:22-23.
- Mark 12:12 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to introduce a somewhat parenthetical remark by the author.
- Mark 12:12 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of previous action(s) in the narrative.
- Mark 12:12 sn The point of the parable in Mark 12:1-12 is that the leaders of the nation have been rejected by God and the vineyard (v. 9, referring to the nation and its privileged status) will be taken from them and given to others (an allusion to the Gentiles).
- Mark 12:13 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
- Mark 12:13 sn See the note on Pharisees in 2:16.
- Mark 12:13 sn Pharisees and Herodians made a very interesting alliance. W. W. Wessel (“Mark,” EBC 8:733) comments: “The Herodians were as obnoxious to the Pharisees on political grounds as the Sadducees were on theological grounds. Yet the two groups united in their opposition to Jesus. Collaboration in wickedness, as well as goodness, has great power. Their purpose was to trip Jesus up in his words so that he would lose the support of the people, leaving the way open for them to destroy him.” See also the note on “Herodians” in Mark 3:6.
- Mark 12:13 tn Grk “trap him in word.”
- Mark 12:14 tn Grk “and it is not a concern to you about anyone because you do not see the face of men.”
- Mark 12:14 sn Teach the way of God in accordance with the truth. Very few comments are as deceitful as this one; they did not really believe this at all. The question of the Pharisees and Herodians was specifically designed to trap Jesus.
- Mark 12:14 tn Or “lawful,” that is, in accordance with God’s divine law. On the syntax of ἔξεστιν (exestin) with an infinitive and accusative, see BDF §409.3.
- Mark 12:14 tn According to L&N 57.180 the term κῆνσος (kēnsos) was borrowed from Latin and referred to a poll tax, a tax paid by each adult male to the Roman government.sn This question concerning taxes was specifically designed to trap Jesus. If he answered yes, then his opponents could publicly discredit him as a sympathizer with Rome. If he answered no, then they could go to the Roman governor and accuse Jesus of rebellion.
- Mark 12:14 tn Or “the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
- Mark 12:15 tn Grk “Aware of their hypocrisy he said.”
- Mark 12:15 tn Here the specific name of the coin was retained in the translation, because not all coins in circulation in Palestine at the time carried the image of Caesar. In other places δηνάριον (dēnarion) has been translated simply as “silver coin” with an explanatory note.sn A denarius was a silver coin stamped with the image of the emperor and worth approximately one day’s wage for a laborer.
- Mark 12:16 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “so” to indicate their response to Jesus’ request for a coin.
- Mark 12:16 tn Or “whose likeness.”sn In this passage Jesus points to the image (Grk εἰκών, eikōn) of Caesar on the coin. This same Greek word is used in Gen 1:26 (LXX) to state that humanity is made in the “image” of God. Jesus is making a subtle yet powerful contrast: Caesar’s image is on the denarius, so he can lay claim to money through taxation, but God’s image is on humanity, so he can lay claim to each individual life.
- Mark 12:16 tn Grk “they said to him.”
- Mark 12:17 sn Jesus’ answer to give to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s was a both/and, not the questioners’ either/or. So he slipped out of their trap.
- Mark 12:18 sn The Sadducees controlled the official political structures of Judaism at this time, being the majority members of the Sanhedrin. They were known as extremely strict on law and order issues (Josephus, J. W. 2.8.2 [2.119], 2.8.14 [2.164-166]; Ant. 13.5.9 [13.171-173], 13.10.6 [13.293-298], 18.1.2 [18.11], 18.1.4 [18.16-17], 20.9.1 [20.199]; Life 2 [10-11]). They also did not believe in resurrection or in angels, an important detail in v. 25. See also Matt 3:7; 16:1-12; 22:23-34; Luke 20:27-38; Acts 4:1; 5:17; 23:6-8.
- Mark 12:18 sn This remark is best regarded as a parenthetical note by the author.
- Mark 12:18 tn Grk “and asked him, saying.” The participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.
- Mark 12:19 tn Grk “his brother”; but this would be redundant in English with the same phrase “his brother” at the end of the verse, so most modern translations render this phrase “the man” (so NIV, NRSV).
- Mark 12:19 tn The use of ἵνα (hina) with imperatival force is unusual (BDF §470.1).
- Mark 12:19 tn Grk “raise up seed” (an idiom for fathering children).
- Mark 12:19 sn A quotation from Deut 25:5. This practice is called levirate marriage (see also Ruth 4:1-12; Mishnah, m. Yevamot; Josephus, Ant. 4.8.23 [4.254-256]). The levirate law is described in Deut 25:5-10. The brother of a man who died without a son had an obligation to marry his brother’s widow. This served several purposes: It provided for the widow in a society where a widow with no children to care for her would be reduced to begging, and it preserved the name of the deceased, who would be regarded as the legal father of the first son produced from that marriage.
- Mark 12:20 tn Grk “took a wife” (an idiom for marrying a woman).
- Mark 12:23 tc The words “when they rise again” are missing from several significant witnesses (א B C D L W Δ Ψ 33 579 892 c r1 k syp co). They are included in A Θ ƒ1,(13) M lat sys,h. The strong external pedigree of the shorter reading gives one pause. Nevertheless, the Alexandrian and other mss most likely dropped the words from the text either to conform the wording to the parallel in Matt 22:28 or because “when they rise again” was redundant. But the inclusion of these words is thoroughly compatible with Mark’s usually pleonastic style (see TCGNT 93), and therefore most probably authentic to Mark’s Gospel.
- Mark 12:23 tn Grk “For the seven had her as wife.”
- Mark 12:24 tn Or “mistaken” (cf. BDAG 822 s.v. πλανάω 2.c.γ).
- Mark 12:25 sn Angels do not die, nor do they eat according to Jewish tradition (1 En. 15:6; 51:4; Wis 5:5; 2 Bar. 51:10; 1QH 3.21-23).
- Mark 12:26 tn Grk “Now as for the dead that they are raised.”
- Mark 12:26 sn See Exod 3:6. Jesus used a common form of rabbinic citation here to refer to the passage in question.
- Mark 12:26 tn Grk “and the,” but καί (kai) has not been translated since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.
- Mark 12:26 sn A quotation from Exod 3:6.
- Mark 12:27 sn He is not God of the dead but of the living. Jesus’ point was that if God could identify himself as God of the three old patriarchs, then they must still be alive when God spoke to Moses; and so they must be raised.
- Mark 12:28 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the transition to a new topic.
- Mark 12:28 tn Or “One of the scribes.” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 1:22.
- Mark 12:28 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- Mark 12:30 tn Grk “You will love.” The future indicative is used here with imperatival force (see ExSyn 452 and 569).
- Mark 12:30 sn A quotation from Deut 6:4-5 and Josh 22:5 (LXX). The fourfold reference to different parts of the person says, in effect, that one should love God with all one’s being.
- Mark 12:31 sn A quotation from Lev 19:18.
- Mark 12:32 sn A quotation from Deut 4:35.
- Mark 12:33 sn A quotation from Deut 6:5.
- Mark 12:33 sn A quotation from Lev 19:18.
- Mark 12:34 sn The kingdom of God is a major theme of Jesus’ teaching. The nature of the kingdom of God in the NT and in Jesus’ teaching has long been debated by interpreters and scholars, with discussion primarily centering around the nature of the kingdom (earthly, heavenly, or both) and the kingdom’s arrival (present, future, or both). An additional major issue concerns the relationship between the kingdom of God and the person and work of Jesus himself.
- Mark 12:35 tn Or “that the scribes.” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 1:22.
- Mark 12:35 tn Or “the Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”sn See the note on Christ in 8:29.
- Mark 12:35 sn It was a common belief in Judaism that Messiah would be David’s son in that he would come from the lineage of David. On this point the Pharisees agreed and were correct. But their understanding was nonetheless incomplete, for Messiah is also David’s Lord. With this statement Jesus was affirming that, as the Messiah, he is both God and man.
- Mark 12:36 sn The Lord said to my lord. With David being the speaker, this indicates his respect for his descendant (referred to as my lord). Jesus was arguing, as the ancient exposition assumed, that the passage is about the Lord’s anointed. The passage looks at an enthronement of this figure and a declaration of honor for him as he takes his place at the side of God. In Jerusalem, the king’s palace was located to the right of the temple to indicate this kind of relationship. Jesus was pressing the language here to get his opponents to reflect on how great Messiah is.
- Mark 12:36 sn A quotation from Ps 110:1.
- Mark 12:37 tn Grk “David himself calls him ‘Lord.’ So how is he his son?” The conditional nuance, implicit in Greek, has been made explicit in the translation (cf. Matt 22:45).
- Mark 12:38 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- Mark 12:38 tn Or “for the scribes.” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 1:22.
- Mark 12:38 tn In Greek this is the only infinitive in vv. 38-39. It would be awkward in English to join an infinitive to the following noun clauses, so this has been translated as a gerund.
- Mark 12:38 sn There is later Jewish material in the Talmud that spells out such greetings in detail. See H. Windisch, TDNT 1:498.
- Mark 12:38 sn See the note on marketplaces in Mark 6:56.
- Mark 12:39 sn See the note on synagogue in 1:21.
- Mark 12:40 tn Grk “who,” continuing the sentence begun in v. 38.
- Mark 12:40 tn Grk “houses,” “households”; however, the term can have the force of “property” or “possessions” as well (O. Michel, TDNT 5:131; BDAG 695 s.v. οἶκια 1.a).
- Mark 12:41 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
- Mark 12:41 tc Most mss, predominantly of the Western and Byzantine texts (A D W Θ ƒ1,13 33 2542 M lat), have ὁ ᾿Ιησοῦς (ho Iēsous, “Jesus”) as the explicit subject here, while א B L Δ Ψ 892 lack the name. A natural scribal tendency is to expand the text, especially to add the Lord’s name as the explicit subject of a verb. Scribes much less frequently omitted the Lord’s name (cf. the readings of W Θ 565 1424 in Mark 12:17). The internal and external evidence support one another here in behalf of the shorter reading.
- Mark 12:41 tn On the term γαζοφυλάκιον (gazophulakion), often translated “treasury,” see BDAG 186 s.v., which states, “For Mk 12:41, 43; Lk 21:1 the mng. contribution box or receptacle is attractive. Acc. to Mishnah, Shekalim 6, 5 there were in the temple 13 such receptacles in the form of trumpets. But even in these passages the general sense of ‘treasury’ is prob., for the contributions would go [into] the treasury via the receptacles.” Based upon the extra-biblical evidence (see sn following), however, the translation opts to refer to the actual receptacles and not the treasury itself.sn The offering box probably refers to the receptacles in the temple forecourt by the Court of Women used to collect freewill offerings. These are mentioned by Josephus, J. W. 5.5.2 (5.200); 6.5.2 (6.282); Ant. 19.6.1 (19.294), and in 1 Macc 14:49 and 2 Macc 3:6, 24, 28, 40 (see also Luke 21:1; John 8:20).
- Mark 12:42 sn These two small copper coins were lepta (sing. “lepton”), the smallest and least valuable coins in circulation in Palestine, worth one-half of a quadrans or 1/128 of a denarius, or about six minutes of an average daily wage. This was next to nothing in value.
- Mark 12:43 tn Grk “Truly (ἀμήν, amēn), I say to you.”
- Mark 12:43 tn See the note on the term “offering box” in v. 41.
- Mark 12:43 sn Has put more into the offering box than all the others. With God, giving is weighed evaluatively, not counted. The widow was praised because she gave sincerely and at some considerable cost to herself.
- Mark 12:44 tn Grk “out of what abounded to them.”
- Mark 12:44 sn The contrast between this passage, 12:41-44, and what has come before in 11:27-12:40 is remarkable. The woman is set in stark contrast to the religious leaders. She was a poor widow, they were rich. She was uneducated in the law, they were well educated in the law. She was a woman, they were men. But whereas they evidenced no faith and actually stole money from God and men (cf. 11:17), she evidenced great faith and gave out of her extreme poverty everything she had.
Marcos 12
Nova Traduҫão na Linguagem de Hoje 2000
Marcos 12
Nova Traduҫão na Linguagem de Hoje 2000
Os lavradores maus(A)
12 Depois Jesus começou a falar por meio de parábolas. Ele disse:
— Certo homem fez uma plantação de uvas e pôs uma cerca em volta dela. Construiu um tanque para pisar as uvas e fazer vinho e construiu uma torre para o vigia. Em seguida, arrendou a plantação para alguns lavradores e foi viajar. 2 Quando chegou o tempo da colheita, o dono enviou um empregado para receber a sua parte. 3 Mas os lavradores agarraram o empregado, bateram nele e o mandaram de volta sem nada. 4 O dono mandou mais um empregado, mas eles bateram na cabeça dele e o trataram de um modo vergonhoso. 5 E ainda outro foi mandado para lá, mas os lavradores o mataram. E o mesmo aconteceu com muitos mais — uns foram surrados, e outros foram mortos. 6 E agora a única pessoa que o dono da plantação tinha para mandar lá era o seu querido filho. Finalmente ele o mandou, pensando assim: “O meu filho eles vão respeitar.” 7 Mas os lavradores disseram uns aos outros: “Este é o filho do dono; ele vai herdar a plantação. Vamos matá-lo, e a plantação será nossa.”
8 — Então agarraram o filho, e o mataram, e jogaram o corpo para fora da plantação.
9 Aí Jesus perguntou:
— E agora, o que é que o dono da plantação vai fazer? Ele virá, matará aqueles homens e entregará a plantação a outros lavradores. 10 Vocês não leram o que as Escrituras Sagradas dizem?
“A pedra que os construtores rejeitaram
veio a ser a mais importante de todas.
11 Isso foi feito pelo Senhor
e é uma coisa maravilhosa!”
12 Os líderes judeus sabiam que a parábola era contra eles e quiseram prender Jesus, mas tinham medo do povo. Por isso deixaram Jesus em paz e foram embora.
A pergunta sobre os impostos(B)
13 Depois mandaram que alguns fariseus e alguns membros do partido de Herodes fossem falar com Jesus a fim de conseguirem alguma prova contra ele. 14 Eles chegaram e disseram:
— Mestre, sabemos que o senhor é honesto e não se importa com a opinião dos outros. O senhor não julga pela aparência, mas ensina a verdade sobre a maneira de viver que Deus exige. Diga: é ou não é contra a nossa Lei pagar impostos ao Imperador romano? Devemos pagar ou não?
15 Mas Jesus percebeu a malícia deles e respondeu:
— Por que é que vocês estão procurando uma prova contra mim? Tragam uma moeda para eu ver.
16 Eles trouxeram, e ele perguntou:
— De quem são o nome e a cara que estão gravados nesta moeda?
Eles responderam:
— São do Imperador.
17 Então Jesus disse:
— Deem ao Imperador o que é do Imperador e deem a Deus o que é de Deus.
E eles ficaram admirados com Jesus.
A pergunta sobre a ressurreição(C)
18 Alguns saduceus, os quais afirmam que ninguém ressuscita, chegaram perto de Jesus e disseram:
19 — Mestre, Moisés escreveu para nós a seguinte lei: “Se um homem morrer e deixar a esposa sem filhos, o irmão dele deve casar com a viúva, para terem filhos, que serão considerados filhos do irmão que morreu.” 20 Acontece que havia sete irmãos. O mais velho casou e morreu sem deixar filhos. 21 O segundo casou com a viúva e morreu sem deixar filhos. Aconteceu a mesma coisa com o terceiro. 22 Afinal, os sete irmãos casaram com a mesma mulher e morreram sem deixar filhos. Depois de todos eles, a mulher também morreu. 23 Portanto, no dia da ressurreição, quando todos os mortos tornarem a viver, de qual dos sete a mulher vai ser esposa? Pois todos eles casaram com ela!
24 Jesus respondeu:
— Como vocês estão errados, não conhecendo nem as Escrituras Sagradas nem o poder de Deus. 25 Pois, quando os mortos ressuscitarem, serão como os anjos do céu, e ninguém casará. 26 Vocês nunca leram no Livro de Moisés o que está escrito sobre a ressurreição? Quando fala do espinheiro que estava em fogo, está escrito que Deus disse a Moisés: “Eu sou o Deus de Abraão, o Deus de Isaque e o Deus de Jacó.” 27 E Deus não é Deus dos mortos e sim dos vivos. Vocês estão completamente errados!
O mandamento mais importante(D)
28 Um mestre da Lei que estava ali ouviu a discussão. Viu que Jesus tinha dado uma boa resposta e por isso perguntou:
— Qual é o mais importante de todos os mandamentos da Lei?
29 Jesus respondeu:
— É este: “Escute, povo de Israel! O Senhor, nosso Deus, é o único Senhor. 30 Ame o Senhor, seu Deus, com todo o coração, com toda a alma, com toda a mente e com todas as forças.” 31 E o segundo mais importante é este: “Ame os outros como você ama a você mesmo.” Não existe outro mandamento mais importante do que esses dois.
32 Então o mestre da Lei disse a Jesus:
— Muito bem, Mestre! O senhor disse a verdade. Ele é o único Deus, e não existe outro além dele. 33 Devemos amar a Deus com todo o nosso coração, com toda a nossa mente e com todas as nossas forças e também devemos amar os outros como amamos a nós mesmos. Pois é melhor obedecer a estes dois mandamentos do que trazer animais para serem queimados no altar e oferecer outros sacrifícios a Deus.
34 Jesus viu que o mestre da Lei tinha respondido com sabedoria e disse:
— Você não está longe do Reino de Deus.
Depois disso ninguém tinha coragem de fazer mais perguntas a Jesus.
A pergunta sobre o Messias(E)
35 Quando Jesus estava ensinando no pátio do Templo, perguntou:
— Como podem os mestres da Lei ensinar que o Messias é descendente de Davi? 36 Pois Davi, inspirado pelo Espírito Santo, escreveu:
“O Senhor Deus disse ao meu Senhor:
‘Sente-se do meu lado direito,
até que eu ponha os seus inimigos
debaixo dos seus pés.’ ”
37 O próprio Davi chama o Messias de Senhor. Portanto, como é que o Messias pode ser descendente de Davi?
Jesus e os mestres da Lei(F)
Uma grande multidão escutava com prazer o que Jesus ensinava. 38 Ele dizia ao povo:
— Cuidado com os mestres da Lei! Eles gostam de andar para lá e para cá, usando capas compridas, e gostam de ser cumprimentados com respeito nas praças; 39 preferem os lugares de honra nas sinagogas e os melhores lugares nos banquetes. 40 Exploram as viúvas e roubam os seus bens; e, para disfarçarem, fazem orações compridas. Portanto, o castigo que eles vão sofrer será pior ainda!
A oferta da viúva pobre(G)
41 Jesus estava no pátio do Templo, sentado perto da caixa das ofertas, olhando com atenção as pessoas que punham dinheiro ali. Muitos ricos davam muito dinheiro. 42 Então chegou uma viúva pobre e pôs na caixa duas moedinhas de pouco valor. 43 Aí Jesus chamou os discípulos e disse:
— Eu afirmo a vocês que isto é verdade: esta viúva pobre deu mais do que todos. 44 Porque os outros deram do que estava sobrando. Porém ela, que é tão pobre, deu tudo o que tinha para viver.
Mark 12
New International Version
Mark 12
New International Version
The Parable of the Tenants(A)
12 Jesus then began to speak to them in parables: “A man planted a vineyard.(B) He put a wall around it, dug a pit for the winepress and built a watchtower. Then he rented the vineyard to some farmers and moved to another place. 2 At harvest time he sent a servant to the tenants to collect from them some of the fruit of the vineyard. 3 But they seized him, beat him and sent him away empty-handed. 4 Then he sent another servant to them; they struck this man on the head and treated him shamefully. 5 He sent still another, and that one they killed. He sent many others; some of them they beat, others they killed.
6 “He had one left to send, a son, whom he loved. He sent him last of all,(C) saying, ‘They will respect my son.’
7 “But the tenants said to one another, ‘This is the heir. Come, let’s kill him, and the inheritance will be ours.’ 8 So they took him and killed him, and threw him out of the vineyard.
9 “What then will the owner of the vineyard do? He will come and kill those tenants and give the vineyard to others. 10 Haven’t you read this passage of Scripture:
“‘The stone the builders rejected
has become the cornerstone;(D)
11 the Lord has done this,
and it is marvelous in our eyes’[a]?”(E)
12 Then the chief priests, the teachers of the law and the elders looked for a way to arrest him because they knew he had spoken the parable against them. But they were afraid of the crowd;(F) so they left him and went away.(G)
Paying the Imperial Tax to Caesar(H)
13 Later they sent some of the Pharisees and Herodians(I) to Jesus to catch him(J) in his words. 14 They came to him and said, “Teacher, we know that you are a man of integrity. You aren’t swayed by others, because you pay no attention to who they are; but you teach the way of God in accordance with the truth. Is it right to pay the imperial tax[b] to Caesar or not? 15 Should we pay or shouldn’t we?”
But Jesus knew their hypocrisy. “Why are you trying to trap me?” he asked. “Bring me a denarius and let me look at it.” 16 They brought the coin, and he asked them, “Whose image is this? And whose inscription?”
“Caesar’s,” they replied.
17 Then Jesus said to them, “Give back to Caesar what is Caesar’s and to God what is God’s.”(K)
And they were amazed at him.
Marriage at the Resurrection(L)
18 Then the Sadducees,(M) who say there is no resurrection,(N) came to him with a question. 19 “Teacher,” they said, “Moses wrote for us that if a man’s brother dies and leaves a wife but no children, the man must marry the widow and raise up offspring for his brother.(O) 20 Now there were seven brothers. The first one married and died without leaving any children. 21 The second one married the widow, but he also died, leaving no child. It was the same with the third. 22 In fact, none of the seven left any children. Last of all, the woman died too. 23 At the resurrection[c] whose wife will she be, since the seven were married to her?”
24 Jesus replied, “Are you not in error because you do not know the Scriptures(P) or the power of God? 25 When the dead rise, they will neither marry nor be given in marriage; they will be like the angels in heaven.(Q) 26 Now about the dead rising—have you not read in the Book of Moses, in the account of the burning bush, how God said to him, ‘I am the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob’[d]?(R) 27 He is not the God of the dead, but of the living. You are badly mistaken!”
The Greatest Commandment(S)
28 One of the teachers of the law(T) came and heard them debating. Noticing that Jesus had given them a good answer, he asked him, “Of all the commandments, which is the most important?”
29 “The most important one,” answered Jesus, “is this: ‘Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one.[e] 30 Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind and with all your strength.’[f](U) 31 The second is this: ‘Love your neighbor as yourself.’[g](V) There is no commandment greater than these.”
32 “Well said, teacher,” the man replied. “You are right in saying that God is one and there is no other but him.(W) 33 To love him with all your heart, with all your understanding and with all your strength, and to love your neighbor as yourself is more important than all burnt offerings and sacrifices.”(X)
34 When Jesus saw that he had answered wisely, he said to him, “You are not far from the kingdom of God.”(Y) And from then on no one dared ask him any more questions.(Z)
Whose Son Is the Messiah?(AA)(AB)
35 While Jesus was teaching in the temple courts,(AC) he asked, “Why do the teachers of the law say that the Messiah is the son of David?(AD) 36 David himself, speaking by the Holy Spirit,(AE) declared:
37 David himself calls him ‘Lord.’ How then can he be his son?”
The large crowd(AG) listened to him with delight.
Warning Against the Teachers of the Law
38 As he taught, Jesus said, “Watch out for the teachers of the law. They like to walk around in flowing robes and be greeted with respect in the marketplaces, 39 and have the most important seats in the synagogues and the places of honor at banquets.(AH) 40 They devour widows’ houses and for a show make lengthy prayers. These men will be punished most severely.”
The Widow’s Offering(AI)
41 Jesus sat down opposite the place where the offerings were put(AJ) and watched the crowd putting their money into the temple treasury. Many rich people threw in large amounts. 42 But a poor widow came and put in two very small copper coins, worth only a few cents.
43 Calling his disciples to him, Jesus said, “Truly I tell you, this poor widow has put more into the treasury than all the others. 44 They all gave out of their wealth; but she, out of her poverty, put in everything—all she had to live on.”(AK)
Footnotes
- Mark 12:11 Psalm 118:22,23
- Mark 12:14 A special tax levied on subject peoples, not on Roman citizens
- Mark 12:23 Some manuscripts resurrection, when people rise from the dead,
- Mark 12:26 Exodus 3:6
- Mark 12:29 Or The Lord our God is one Lord
- Mark 12:30 Deut. 6:4,5
- Mark 12:31 Lev. 19:18
- Mark 12:36 Psalm 110:1
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Nova Traduҫão na Linguagem de Hoje 2000 (NTLH)
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