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El pacto con los gabaonitas

Los reyes hititas, amorreos, cananeos, ferezeos, heveos y jebuseos se enteraron de lo sucedido. (Estos reyes vivían en la orilla occidental del río Jordán, en las montañas, en la llanura y en toda la costa del mar Mediterráneo hasta las regiones del Líbano.) Entonces todos ellos se pusieron de acuerdo y se aliaron para enfrentarse con Josué y los israelitas. Sin embargo, los heveos que vivían en Gabaón supieron lo que Josué había hecho con las ciudades de Jericó y de Ai, y decidieron engañarlo. Se pusieron en camino, echando sobre sus asnos costales y cueros de vino viejos, rotos y remendados; también se pusieron ropa y sandalias viejas y remendadas, y tomaron para el camino únicamente pan seco y mohoso. Cuando llegaron al campamento de Guilgal, dijeron a Josué y a los israelitas:

—Venimos de tierras lejanas. Hagan ustedes un pacto con nosotros.

Los israelitas les contestaron a los heveos:

—A lo mejor ustedes viven por aquí, cerca de nosotros; ¿cómo vamos entonces a hacer un pacto con ustedes?

Pero ellos dijeron a Josué:

—Nosotros nos ponemos al servicio de usted.

Él les preguntó:

—¿Quiénes son ustedes? ¿De dónde vienen?

Y ellos respondieron:

—Venimos de muy lejos, debido a la fama del Señor su Dios. Hemos sabido todo lo que él hizo en Egipto, 10 y lo que les hizo a los dos reyes amorreos al otro lado del río Jordán, es decir, a Sihón de Hesbón y a Og de Basán, que vivía en Astarot. 11 Por eso, nuestros jefes y nuestros compatriotas nos dijeron: “Tomen ustedes provisiones para el camino y vayan a donde ellos están. Díganles que nos ponemos a su servicio y que queremos hacer un pacto con ellos.” 12 Cuando salimos en busca de ustedes, este pan todavía estaba caliente, y ahora ya está mohoso y seco. 13 También estos cueros estaban nuevos cuando los llenamos de vino, y ahora ya están rotos. Y lo mismo ha pasado con nuestra ropa y nuestras sandalias, pues el camino ha sido largo.

14 Los israelitas probaron las provisiones de los gabaonitas, pero no consultaron al Señor. 15 Entonces Josué hizo un pacto de paz con ellos, comprometiéndose a perdonarles la vida; y los demás jefes israelitas juraron hacer lo mismo.

16 Tres días después, los israelitas se enteraron de que los gabaonitas eran vecinos suyos, y de que vivían cerca de ellos. 17 Entonces salieron en busca de los gabaonitas, y al tercer día llegaron a sus ciudades, que eran Gabaón, Quefirá, Beerot y Quiriat-jearim. 18 Pero los israelitas no los mataron, porque los jefes les habían jurado por el Señor y Dios de Israel que les perdonarían la vida.

Por esta razón el pueblo murmuraba contra sus jefes, 19 pero los jefes les dijeron:

—Nosotros les hemos jurado por el Señor, el Dios de Israel, que no los mataríamos. Por eso, ahora no podemos hacerles nada. 20 Tenemos que dejarlos vivir, porque si rompemos el juramento, Dios se enojará con nosotros.

21 Así pues, los jefes israelitas ordenaron que se les dejara con vida, pero que fueran puestos como leñadores y aguadores para todo el pueblo. De esa manera los jefes mantuvieron su promesa.

22 Por su parte, Josué llamó a los gabaonitas y les preguntó:

—¿Por qué nos engañaron diciéndonos que venían de muy lejos, cuando la verdad es que viven aquí mismo? 23 Por esta razón quedarán ustedes bajo maldición, y para siempre serán sirvientes. Tendrán que cortar la leña y sacar el agua que se necesite para la casa de mi Dios.

24 Y ellos contestaron a Josué:

—Nosotros lo hicimos porque teníamos mucho miedo de que usted nos fuera a matar, pues nos enteramos de que el Señor su Dios le había ordenado a Moisés, su siervo, darles a ustedes toda esta región, y destruir a todos los que vivían aquí. 25 Pero estamos en sus manos; haga usted con nosotros lo que le parezca más conveniente.

26 Josué, pues, no permitió que los israelitas mataran a los gabaonitas, 27 pero los destinó a ser leñadores y aguadores para el pueblo y para el altar del Señor, en el lugar que el Señor escogiera. Y todavía hoy los gabaonitas tienen esa ocupación.

The Gibeonites Deceive Israel

When the news reached all the kings on the west side of the Jordan[a]—in the hill country, the foothills,[b] and all along the Mediterranean coast[c] as far as[d] Lebanon (including the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites, and Jebusites)— they formed an alliance to fight against Joshua and Israel.[e]

When the residents of Gibeon heard what Joshua did to Jericho and Ai, they did something clever. They collected some provisions[f] and put worn-out sacks on their donkeys, along with worn-out wineskins that were ripped and patched. They had worn-out, patched sandals on their feet and dressed in worn-out clothes. All their bread[g] was dry and hard.[h] They came to Joshua at the camp in Gilgal and said to him and the men of Israel, “We have come from a distant land. Make a treaty with us.” The men of Israel said to the Hivites, “Perhaps you live near us.[i] So how can we make a treaty with you?” But they said to Joshua, “We are willing to be your subjects.”[j] So Joshua said to them, “Who are you and where do you come from?” They told him, “Your subjects[k] have come from a very distant land because of the reputation[l] of the Lord your God, for we have heard the news about all he did in Egypt[m] 10 and all he did to the two Amorite kings on the other side of the Jordan—King Sihon of Heshbon and King Og of Bashan in Ashtaroth. 11 Our leaders and all who live in our land told us, ‘Take provisions for your journey and go meet them. Tell them, “We are willing to be your subjects.[n] Make a treaty with us.”’ 12 This bread of ours was warm when we packed it in our homes the day we started out to meet you,[o] but now it is dry and hard.[p] 13 These wineskins we filled were brand new, but look how they have ripped. Our clothes and sandals have worn out because it has been a very long journey.” 14 The men examined[q] some of their provisions, but they failed to ask the Lord’s advice.[r] 15 Joshua made a peace treaty with them and agreed to let them live. The leaders of the community[s] sealed it with an oath.[t]

16 Three days after they made the treaty with them, the Israelites found out they were from the local area and lived nearby.[u] 17 So the Israelites set out and on the third day arrived at their cities—Gibeon, Kephirah, Beeroth, and Kiriath Jearim. 18 The Israelites did not attack them because the leaders of the community had sworn an oath to them in the name of the Lord God of Israel.[v] The whole community criticized[w] the leaders, 19 but all the leaders told the whole community, “We swore an oath to them in the name of[x] the Lord God of Israel! So now we can’t hurt[y] them. 20 We must let them live so we can escape the curse attached to the oath we swore to them.”[z] 21 The leaders then added,[aa] “Let them live.” So they became[ab] woodcutters and water carriers for the whole community, as the leaders had decided.[ac]

22 [ad] Joshua summoned the Gibeonites[ae] and said to them, “Why did you trick[af] us by saying, ‘We live far away from you,’ when you really live nearby?[ag] 23 Now you are condemned to perpetual servitude as woodcutters and water carriers for the house of my God.”[ah] 24 They said to Joshua, “It was carefully reported to your subjects[ai] how the Lord your God commanded Moses his servant to assign you the whole land and to destroy all who live in the land from before you. Because of you we were terrified[aj] we would lose our lives, so we did this thing. 25 So now we are in your power.[ak] Do to us what you think is good and appropriate.”[al] 26 Joshua did as they said; he kept the Israelites from killing them[am] 27 and that day made them woodcutters and water carriers for the community and for the altar of the Lord at the divinely chosen site. (They continue in that capacity to this very day.)[an]

Footnotes

  1. Joshua 9:1 tn Heb “When all the kings who were beyond the Jordan heard.”
  2. Joshua 9:1 tn The foothills (שְׁפֵלָה, shephelah) are the transition region between the hill country and the coastal plains.
  3. Joshua 9:1 tn Heb “all the coast of the Great Sea.” The “Great Sea” was the typical designation for the Mediterranean Sea.
  4. Joshua 9:1 tn Heb “in front of.”
  5. Joshua 9:2 tn Heb “they gathered together to fight against Joshua and Israel [with] one mouth.”
  6. Joshua 9:4 tc Heb “and they went and [?].” The root and meaning of the verb form יִצְטַיָּרוּ (yitstayyaru) are uncertain. The Hebrew text form most likely should be יִצְטַיָּדוּ (yitstayyadu), read by some Hebrew mss and ancient versions, from the root צוּד (tsud, “take provisions,” BDB 845 s.v. II צוד) which also occurs in v. 11. Note NRSV “they went and prepared provisions”; cf. NEB “They went and disguised themselves”; NIV “they went as a delegation.”
  7. Joshua 9:5 tn Heb “all the bread of their provisions.”
  8. Joshua 9:5 tn Or “moldy.”
  9. Joshua 9:7 tn Heb “in our midst.”
  10. Joshua 9:8 tn Heb “we are your servants.”
  11. Joshua 9:9 tn Or “servants.”
  12. Joshua 9:9 tn Heb “name.”
  13. Joshua 9:9 tn Heb “the report about him, all that he did in Egypt.”
  14. Joshua 9:11 tn Heb “your servants.”
  15. Joshua 9:12 tn Heb “in the day we went out to come to you.”
  16. Joshua 9:12 tn Or “moldy.”
  17. Joshua 9:14 tn Heb “took.” This probably means they tasted some of the food to make sure it was stale.
  18. Joshua 9:14 tn Heb “but they did not ask the mouth of the Lord.” This refers to seeking the Lord’s will and guidance through an oracle.
  19. Joshua 9:15 tn Or “assembly.”
  20. Joshua 9:15 tn Heb “Joshua made peace with them and made a treaty with them to let them live, and the leaders of the community swore an oath to them.”
  21. Joshua 9:16 tn Heb “At the end of three days, after they made the treaty with them, they heard that they were neighbors to them and in their midst they were living.”
  22. Joshua 9:18 tn Heb “by the Lord God of Israel.”
  23. Joshua 9:18 tn Or “grumbled against.”
  24. Joshua 9:19 tn Heb “to them by….”
  25. Joshua 9:19 tn Or “touch.”
  26. Joshua 9:20 tn Heb “This is what we will do to them, keeping them alive so there will not be upon us anger concerning the oath which we swore to them.”
  27. Joshua 9:21 tc Heb “and the leaders said to them.” The LXX omits the words “and the leaders said to them.”
  28. Joshua 9:21 tn The vav (ו) consecutive construction in the Hebrew text suggests that the narrative resumes at this point. The LXX reads here, “and they will be,” understanding what follows to be a continuation of the leaders’ words rather than a comment by the narrator.
  29. Joshua 9:21 tn Heb “as the leaders said to them.”
  30. Joshua 9:22 sn Verses 22-27 appear to elaborate on v. 21b.
  31. Joshua 9:22 tn Heb “them.”
  32. Joshua 9:22 tn Or “deceive.”
  33. Joshua 9:22 tn Heb “live in our midst?”
  34. Joshua 9:23 tn Heb “Now you are cursed and a servant will not be cut off from you, woodcutters and water carriers for the house of my God.”
  35. Joshua 9:24 tn Heb “your servants.”
  36. Joshua 9:24 tn Or “we were very afraid.”
  37. Joshua 9:25 tn Heb “so now, look, we are in your hand.”
  38. Joshua 9:25 tn Heb “according to what is good and according to what is upright in your eyes to do us, do.”
  39. Joshua 9:26 tn Heb “And he did to them so and he rescued them from the hand of the sons of Israel and they did not kill them.”
  40. Joshua 9:27 tn Heb “and Joshua made them in that day woodcutters and water carriers for the community, and for the altar of the Lord to this day at the place which he chooses.”