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Deutéronome 2
Segond 21

Marches et conflits dans le désert

2 »Nous nous sommes tournés et sommes partis pour le désert en empruntant le chemin de la mer des Roseaux, comme l'Eternel me l'avait ordonné. Nous avons tourné longtemps autour de la région montagneuse de Séir.

2 »L'Eternel m’a dit: 3 ‘Vous avez assez longtemps tourné autour de cette région montagneuse. Tournez-vous vers le nord. 4 Donne cet ordre au peuple: Vous allez traverser le territoire de vos frères[a], les descendants d'Esaü qui habitent en Séir. Ils auront peur de vous, mais tenez-vous bien sur vos gardes. 5 Ne les attaquez pas, car je ne vous donnerai dans leur pays pas même de quoi poser la plante du pied. En effet, c’est à Esaü que j'ai donné la région montagneuse de Séir en propriété. 6 Vous leur achèterez à prix d'argent la nourriture que vous mangerez et même l'eau que vous boirez.’ 7 En effet, l'Eternel, ton Dieu, t'a béni dans tout le travail de tes mains, il était attentif à ton parcours dans ce grand désert. Voilà 40 ans que l'Eternel, ton Dieu, est avec toi: tu n'as manqué de rien.

8 »Nous sommes passés à distance de nos frères, les descendants d'Esaü, qui habitent en Séir et à distance du chemin de la plaine, d'Elath et d'Etsjon-Guéber, puis nous nous sommes tournés vers le nord et nous avons pris la direction du désert de Moab.

9 »L'Eternel m’a dit: ‘N'attaque pas Moab et ne t'engage pas dans un combat contre lui, car je ne te donnerai rien à posséder dans son pays: c'est aux descendants de Lot que j'ai donné Ar en propriété. 10 – Les Emim y habitaient auparavant. C'était un peuple grand, nombreux et de haute taille, comme les Anakim. 11 Ils passaient aussi pour être des Rephaïm, de même que les Anakim; mais les Moabites les appelaient Emim. 12 Séir était habité autrefois par les Horiens. Les descendants d'Esaü les avaient chassés et détruits devant eux, et ils s’étaient installés à leur place, comme l'a fait Israël dans le pays qu'il possède parce que l'Eternel le lui a donné. – 13 Maintenant levez-vous et passez le torrent de Zéred.’ Nous avons passé le torrent de Zéred.

14 »Notre parcours de Kadès-Barnéa jusqu’au passage du torrent de Zéred a duré 38 ans, jusqu'à ce que toute la génération des hommes de guerre ait disparu du camp, comme l'Eternel le leur avait juré. 15 L'Eternel a lui-même porté la main contre eux pour les éliminer du camp jusqu'à leur complète disparition.

16 »Une fois que la mort a fait disparaître tous les hommes de guerre du milieu du peuple, 17 l'Eternel m’a dit: 18 ‘Tu vas aujourd'hui traverser le territoire de Moab en passant à Ar 19 et tu t’approcheras des Ammonites. Ne les attaque pas et ne t'engage pas dans un combat contre eux, car je ne te donnerai rien à posséder dans le pays des Ammonites: c'est aux descendants de Lot que je l'ai donné en propriété. 20 – Ce pays passait aussi pour être un pays de Rephaïm. Des Rephaïm y habitaient auparavant et les Ammonites les appelaient Zamzummim: 21 c'était un peuple grand, nombreux et de haute taille, comme les Anakim. L'Eternel les avait détruits devant les Ammonites, qui les avaient chassés et s’étaient installés à leur place. 22 C'est de la même manière que l'Eternel avait agi pour les descendants d'Esaü qui habitent en Séir, quand il avait détruit les Horiens devant eux; ils les avaient chassés et s’étaient installés à leur place jusqu'à aujourd’hui. 23 Les Avviens, qui habitaient dans des villages jusqu'à Gaza, avaient été détruits par les Caphtorim, venus de Caphtor, qui s’étaient installés à leur place. – 24 Levez-vous, partez et passez le torrent de l'Arnon. Regarde, je livre entre tes mains l’Amoréen Sihon, roi de Hesbon, et son pays. Commence la conquête, fais-lui la guerre! 25 Je vais répandre dès aujourd'hui la frayeur et la peur vis-à-vis de toi sur tous les peuples qui sont sous le ciel. A la seule mention de ton nom, ils trembleront et seront saisis d'angoisse à cause de toi.’

Conquête du royaume de Sihon

26 »Du désert de Kedémoth, j’ai envoyé des messagers porteurs de paroles de paix à Sihon, le roi de Hesbon. Je lui ai fait dire: 27 ‘Laisse-moi passer par ton pays. Je suivrai la grande route sans m'en écarter ni à droite ni à gauche. 28 Tu me vendras à prix d'argent la nourriture que je mangerai et tu me donneras à prix d'argent l'eau que je boirai. Je ne ferai que passer. 29 C'est ce que m'ont permis de faire les descendants d'Esaü qui habitent en Séir et les Moabites qui demeurent à Ar. Permets-le aussi, jusqu'à ce que j’aie passé le Jourdain pour entrer dans le pays que l'Eternel, notre Dieu, nous donne.’ 30 Mais Sihon, roi de Hesbon, n’a pas voulu nous laisser passer chez lui. En effet, l'Eternel, ton Dieu, a rendu son esprit inflexible et a endurci son cœur afin de le livrer entre tes mains, comme tu le vois aujourd'hui. 31 L'Eternel m’a dit: ‘Regarde, je te livre dès maintenant Sihon et son pays.’

32 »Sihon est sorti à notre rencontre avec tout son peuple pour nous combattre à Jahats. 33 L'Eternel, notre Dieu, nous l’a livré et nous l’avons battu, lui, ses fils et tout son peuple. 34 Nous avons alors pris toutes ses villes et nous les avons vouées à la destruction, hommes, femmes et petits enfants, sans laisser un seul survivant. 35 Seulement, nous avons pillé pour nous le bétail et le butin des villes que nous avions prises. 36 Depuis Aroër sur les bords du torrent de l'Arnon et la ville qui se trouve dans la vallée jusqu'à Galaad, il n'y a pas eu de ville trop forte pour nous: l'Eternel, notre Dieu, nous a tout livré. 37 Mais tu ne t’es pas approché du pays des Ammonites, de tous les bords du torrent du Jabbok, des villes de la montagne, de tous les endroits que l'Eternel, notre Dieu, t'avait défendu d'attaquer.

Footnotes

  1. Deutéronome 2:4 Vos frères: ancêtre des Edomites, Esaü était le frère jumeau de Jacob, l’ancêtre d’Israël.
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Deuteronomy 2
New English Translation

The Journey from Kadesh Barnea to Moab

2 Then we turned and set out toward the wilderness on the way to the Red Sea[a] just as the Lord told me to do, detouring around Mount Seir for a long time. 2 At this point the Lord said to me, 3 “You have circled around this mountain long enough; now turn north. 4 Instruct[b] these people as follows: ‘You are about to cross the border of your relatives[c] the descendants of Esau,[d] who inhabit Seir. They will be afraid of you, so watch yourselves carefully. 5 Do not be hostile toward them, because I am not giving you any of their land, not even a footprint, for I have given Mount Seir[e] as an inheritance for Esau. 6 You may purchase[f] food to eat and water to drink from them. 7 All along the way I, the Lord your God,[g] have blessed your every effort.[h] I have[i] been attentive to[j] your travels through this great wilderness. These forty years I have[k] been with you; you have lacked nothing.’”

8 So we turned away from our relatives[l] the descendants of Esau, the inhabitants of Seir, turning from the route of the rift valley[m] which comes up from[n] Elat[o] and Ezion Geber,[p] and traveling the way of the wilderness of Moab. 9 Then the Lord said to me, “Do not harass Moab and provoke them to war, for I will not give you any of their land as your territory. This is because I have given Ar[q] to the descendants of Lot[r] as their possession. 10 (The Emites[s] used to live there, a people as powerful, numerous, and tall as the Anakites. 11 These people, as well as the Anakites, are also considered Rephaites;[t] the Moabites call them Emites. 12 Previously the Horites[u] lived in Seir, but the descendants of Esau dispossessed and destroyed them and settled in their place, just as Israel did to the land it came to possess, the land the Lord gave them.)[v] 13 Now, get up and cross the Wadi Zered.”[w] So we did so.[x] 14 Now the length of time it took for us to go from Kadesh Barnea to the crossing of Wadi Zered was thirty-eight years, time for all the military men of that generation to die, just as the Lord had vowed to them. 15 Indeed, it was the very hand of the Lord that eliminated them from within[y] the camp until they were all gone.

Instructions Concerning Ammon

16 So it was that after all the military men had been eliminated from the community,[z] 17 the Lord said to me, 18 “Today you are going to cross the border of Moab, that is, of Ar.[aa] 19 But when you come close to the Ammonites, do not harass or provoke them because I am not giving you any of the Ammonites’ land as your possession; I have already given it to Lot’s descendants[ab] as their possession.”

20 (That also is considered to be a land of the Rephaites.[ac] The Rephaites lived there originally; the Ammonites call them Zamzummites.[ad] 21 They are a people as powerful, numerous, and tall as the Anakites. But the Lord destroyed the Rephaites[ae] in advance of the Ammonites,[af] so they dispossessed them and settled down in their place. 22 This is exactly what he did for the descendants of Esau who lived in Seir when he destroyed the Horites before them so that they could dispossess them and settle in their area to this very day. 23 As for the Avvites[ag] who lived in settlements as far west as Gaza, Caphtorites[ah] who came from Crete[ai] destroyed them and settled down in their place.)

24 “Get up, make your way across Wadi Arnon. Look, I have already delivered over to you Sihon the Amorite, king of Heshbon,[aj] and his land. Go ahead—take it! Engage him in war! 25 This very day I will begin to fill all the people of the earth[ak] with dread and to terrify them when they hear about you. They will shiver and shake in anticipation of your approach.”[al]

Defeat of Sihon, King of Heshbon

26 Then I sent messengers from the Kedemoth[am] wilderness to King Sihon of Heshbon with an offer of peace: 27 “Let me pass through your land; I will keep strictly to the roadway.[an] I will not turn aside to the right or the left. 28 Sell me food for cash[ao] so that I can eat and sell me water to drink.[ap] Just allow me to go through on foot, 29 just as the descendants of Esau who live at Seir and the Moabites who live in Ar did for me, until I cross the Jordan to the land the Lord our God is giving us.” 30 But King Sihon of Heshbon was unwilling to allow us to pass near him because the Lord our[aq] God had made him obstinate[ar] and stubborn[as] so that he might deliver him over to you[at] this very day. 31 The Lord said to me, “Look! I have already begun to give over Sihon and his land to you. Start right now to take his land as your possession.” 32 When Sihon and all his troops[au] emerged to encounter us in battle at Jahaz,[av] 33 the Lord our God delivered him over to us and we struck him down, along with his sons[aw] and everyone else.[ax] 34 At that time we seized all his cities and put every one of them[ay] under divine judgment,[az] including even the women and children; we left no survivors. 35 We kept only the livestock and plunder from the cities for ourselves. 36 From Aroer,[ba] which is at the edge of Wadi Arnon (it is the city in the wadi),[bb] all the way to Gilead there was not a town able to resist us—the Lord our God gave them all to us. 37 However, you did not approach the land of the Ammonites, the Wadi Jabbok,[bc] the cities of the hill country, or any place else forbidden by the Lord our God.

Footnotes

  1. Deuteronomy 2:1 tn Heb “Reed Sea.” See note on the term “Red Sea” in Deut 1:40.
  2. Deuteronomy 2:4 tn Heb “command” (so KJV, NASB); NRSV “charge the people as follows.”
  3. Deuteronomy 2:4 tn Heb “brothers”; NAB “your kinsmen.”
  4. Deuteronomy 2:4 sn The descendants of Esau (Heb “sons of Esau”; the phrase also occurs in 2:8, 12, 22, 29). These are the inhabitants of the land otherwise known as Edom, south and east of the Dead Sea. Jacob’s brother Esau had settled there after his bitter strife with Jacob (Gen 36:1-8). “Edom” means “reddish,” probably because of the red sandstone of the region, but also by popular etymology because Esau, at birth, was reddish (Gen 25:25).
  5. Deuteronomy 2:5 sn Mount Seir is synonymous with Edom.
  6. Deuteronomy 2:6 tn Heb includes “with silver.”
  7. Deuteronomy 2:7 tn The Hebrew text does not have the first person pronoun; it has been supplied for purposes of English style (the Lord is speaking here).
  8. Deuteronomy 2:7 tn Heb “all the work of your hands.”
  9. Deuteronomy 2:7 tn Heb “he has.” This has been converted to first person in the translation in keeping with English style.
  10. Deuteronomy 2:7 tn Heb “known” (so ASV, NASB); NAB “been concerned about.”
  11. Deuteronomy 2:7 tn Heb “the Lord your God has.” This has been replaced in the translation by the first person pronoun (“I”) in keeping with English style.
  12. Deuteronomy 2:8 tn Or “brothers”; NRSV “our kin.”
  13. Deuteronomy 2:8 sn As a geographic feature the rift valley (עֲרָבָה, ʿaravah) extends from the Gulf of Aqaba to Galilee. Traveling up the middle of the rift valley probably would have been the easiest path, at least up to the Dead Sea.
  14. Deuteronomy 2:8 tn Heb “from.”
  15. Deuteronomy 2:8 sn Elat was a port city at the head of the eastern arm of the Red Sea, that is, the Gulf of Aqaba (or Gulf of Eilat). Solomon (1 Kgs 9:28), Uzziah (2 Kgs 14:22), and Ahaz (2 Kgs 16:5-6) used it as a port but eventually it became permanently part of Edom. It may be what is known today as Tell el-Kheleifeh. Modern Eilat is located farther west along the northern coast. See G. Pratico, “Nelson Glueck’s 1938-1940 Excavations at Tell el-Kheleifeh: A Reappraisal,” BASOR 259 (1985): 1-32.
  16. Deuteronomy 2:8 sn Ezion Geber. A place near the Gulf of Aqaba, Ezion-geber must be distinguished from Elat (cf. 1 Kgs 9:26-28; 2 Chr 8:17-18). It was, however, also a port city (1 Kgs 22:48-49). It may be the same as the modern site Gezirat al-Fauran, 15 mi (24 km) south-southwest from Tell el-Kheleifah.
  17. Deuteronomy 2:9 sn Ar was a Moabite city on the Arnon River east of the Dead Sea. It is mentioned elsewhere in the “Book of the Wars of Yahweh” (Num 21:15; cf. 21:28; Isa 15:1). Here it is synonymous with the whole land of Moab.
  18. Deuteronomy 2:9 sn The descendants of Lot. Following the destruction of the cities of the plain, Sodom and Gomorrah, as God’s judgment, Lot fathered two sons by his two daughters, namely, Moab and Ammon (Gen 19:30-38). Thus, these descendants of Lot in and around Ar were the Moabites.
  19. Deuteronomy 2:10 sn Emites. These giant people, like the Anakites (Deut 1:28), were also known as Rephaites (v. 11). They appear elsewhere in the narrative of the invasion of the kings of the east where they are said to have lived around Shaveh Kiriathaim, perhaps 9 to 11 mi (15 to 18 km) east of the north end of the Dead Sea (Gen 14:5).
  20. Deuteronomy 2:11 sn Rephaites. The earliest reference to this infamous giant race is, again, in the story of the invasion of the eastern kings (Gen 14:5). They lived around Ashteroth Karnaim, probably modern Tel Ashtarah (cf. Deut 1:4), in the Bashan plateau east of the Sea of Galilee. Og, king of Bashan, was a Rephaite (Deut 3:11; Josh 12:4; 13:12). Other texts speak of them or their kinfolk in both Transjordan (Deut 2:20; 3:13) and Canaan (Josh 11:21-22; 14:12, 15; 15:13-14; Judg 1:20; 1 Sam 17:4; 1 Chr 20:4-8). They also appear in extra-biblical literature, especially in connection with the city state of Ugarit. See C. L’Heureux, “Ugaritic and Biblical Rephaim,” HTR 67 (1974): 265-74.
  21. Deuteronomy 2:12 sn Horites. Most likely these are the same as the well-known people of ancient Near Eastern texts described as Hurrians. They were geographically widespread and probably non-Semitic. Genesis speaks of them as the indigenous peoples of Edom that Esau expelled (Gen 36:8-19, 31-43) and also as among those who confronted the kings of the east (Gen 14:6).
  22. Deuteronomy 2:12 tn Most modern English versions, beginning with the ASV (1901), regard vv. 10-12 as parenthetical to the narrative.
  23. Deuteronomy 2:13 sn Wadi Zered. Now known as Wadi el-Ḥesa, this valley marked the boundary between Moab to the north and Edom to the south.
  24. Deuteronomy 2:13 tn Heb “we crossed the Wadi Zered.” This has been translated as “we did so” for stylistic reasons, to avoid redundancy.
  25. Deuteronomy 2:15 tn Heb “from the middle of.” Although many recent English versions leave this expression untranslated, the point seems to be that these soldiers did not die in battle but “within the camp.”
  26. Deuteronomy 2:16 tn Heb “and it was when they were eliminated, all the men of war, to die from the midst of the people.”
  27. Deuteronomy 2:18 sn Ar. See note on this word in Deut 2:9.
  28. Deuteronomy 2:19 sn Lot’s descendants. See note on this phrase in Deut 2:9.
  29. Deuteronomy 2:20 sn Rephaites. See note on this word in Deut 2:11.
  30. Deuteronomy 2:20 sn Zamzummites. Just as the Moabites called Rephaites by the name Emites, the Ammonites called them Zamzummites (or Zazites; Gen 14:5).
  31. Deuteronomy 2:21 tn Heb “them”; the referent (the Rephaites) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  32. Deuteronomy 2:21 tn Heb “them”; the referent (the Ammonites) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  33. Deuteronomy 2:23 sn Avvites. Otherwise unknown, these people were probably also Anakite (or Rephaite) giants who lived in the lower Mediterranean coastal plain until they were expelled by the Caphtorites.
  34. Deuteronomy 2:23 sn Caphtorites. These peoples are familiar from both the OT (Gen 10:14; 1 Chr 1:12; Jer 47:4; Amos 9:7) and ancient Near Eastern texts (Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, 2:37-38; ANET 138). They originated in Crete (OT “Caphtor”) and are identified as the ancestors of the Philistines (Gen 10:14; Jer 47:4).
  35. Deuteronomy 2:23 tn Heb “Caphtor”; the modern name of the island of Crete is used in the translation for clarity (cf. NCV, TEV, NLT).
  36. Deuteronomy 2:24 sn Heshbon is the name of a prominent site (now Tel Hesbān, about 7.5 mi [12 km] south southwest of Amman, Jordan). Sihon made it his capital after having driven Moab from the area and forced them south to the Arnon (Num 21:26-30). Heshbon is also mentioned in Deut 1:4.
  37. Deuteronomy 2:25 tn Heb “under heaven” (so NIV, NRSV).
  38. Deuteronomy 2:25 tn Heb “from before you.”
  39. Deuteronomy 2:26 sn Kedemoth. This is probably Aleiyan, about 8 mi (13 km) north of the Arnon and between Dibon and Mattanah.
  40. Deuteronomy 2:27 tn Heb “in the way in the way” (בַּדֶּרֶךְ בַּדֶּרֶךְ, badderekh badderekh). The repetition lays great stress on the idea of resolute determination to stick to the path. IBHS 116 §7.2.3c.
  41. Deuteronomy 2:28 tn Heb “silver.”
  42. Deuteronomy 2:28 tn Heb “and water for silver give to me so that I may drink.”
  43. Deuteronomy 2:30 tc The translation follows the LXX in reading the first person pronoun. The MT, followed by many English versions, has a second person masculine singular pronoun, “your.”
  44. Deuteronomy 2:30 tn Heb “hardened his spirit” (so KJV, NASB, NRSV); NIV “made his spirit stubborn.”
  45. Deuteronomy 2:30 tn Heb “made his heart obstinate” (so KJV, NASB); NRSV “made his heart defiant.”
  46. Deuteronomy 2:30 tn Heb “into your hand.”
  47. Deuteronomy 2:32 tn Heb “people.”
  48. Deuteronomy 2:32 sn Jahaz. This is probably Khirbet el-Medeiyineh. See J. Dearman, “The Levitical Cities of Reuben and Moabite Toponymy,” BASOR 276 (1984): 55-57.
  49. Deuteronomy 2:33 tc The translation follows the Qere or marginal reading; the Kethib (consonantal text) has the singular, “his son.”
  50. Deuteronomy 2:33 tn Heb “all his people.”
  51. Deuteronomy 2:34 tn Heb “every city of men.” This apparently identifies the cities as inhabited.
  52. Deuteronomy 2:34 tn Heb “under the ban” (נַחֲרֵם, nakharem). The verb employed is חָרַם (kharam, usually in the Hiphil) and the associated noun is חֵרֶם (kherem). See J. Naudé, NIDOTTE, 2:276-77, and, for a more thorough discussion, Susan Niditch, War in the Hebrew Bible, 28-77.sn Divine judgment refers to God’s designation of certain persons, places, and things as objects of his special wrath and judgment because, in his omniscience, he knows them to be impure and hopelessly unrepentant.
  53. Deuteronomy 2:36 sn Aroer. Now known as ʿAraʾir on the northern edge of the Arnon river, Aroer marked the southern limit of Moab and, later, of the allotment of the tribe of Reuben (Josh 13:9, 16).
  54. Deuteronomy 2:36 tn Heb “the city in the wadi.” This enigmatic reference may refer to Ar or, more likely, to Aroer itself. Epexegetically the text might read, “From Aroer…, that is, the city in the wadi.” See D. L. Christensen, Deuteronomy 1-11 (WBC), 49.
  55. Deuteronomy 2:37 sn Wadi Jabbok. Now known as the Zerqa River, this is a major tributary of the Jordan that normally served as a boundary between Ammon and Gad (Deut 3:16).
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