Deuteronomy 21:22-22:12
New English Translation
Disposition of a Criminal’s Remains
22 If a person commits a sin punishable by death and is executed, and you hang the corpse[a] on a tree, 23 his body must not remain all night on the tree; instead you must make certain you bury[b] him that same day, for the one who is left exposed[c] on a tree is cursed by God.[d] You must not defile your land that the Lord your God is giving you as an inheritance.
Laws Concerning Preservation of Life
22 When you see[e] your neighbor’s[f] ox or sheep going astray, do not ignore it;[g] you must return it without fail[h] to your neighbor. 2 If the owner[i] does not live near[j] you or you do not know who the owner is,[k] then you must corral the animal[l] at your house and let it stay with you until the owner looks for it; then you must return it to him. 3 You shall do the same to his donkey, his clothes, or anything else your neighbor[m] has lost and you have found; you must not refuse to get involved.[n] 4 When you see[o] your neighbor’s donkey or ox fallen along the road, do not ignore it;[p] instead, you must be sure[q] to help him get the animal on its feet again.[r]
5 A woman must not wear men’s clothing,[s] nor should a man dress up in women’s clothing, for anyone who does this is offensive[t] to the Lord your God.
6 If you happen to notice a bird’s nest along the road, whether in a tree or on the ground, and there are chicks or eggs with the mother bird sitting on them,[u] you must not take the mother from the young.[v] 7 You must be sure[w] to let the mother go, but you may take the young for yourself. Do this so that it may go well with you and you may have a long life.
8 If you build a new house, you must construct a guardrail[x] around your roof to avoid being culpable[y] in the event someone should fall from it.
Illustrations of the Principle of Purity
9 You must not plant your vineyard with two kinds of seed; otherwise the entire yield, both of the seed you plant and the produce of the vineyard, will be defiled.[z] 10 You must not plow with an ox and a donkey harnessed together. 11 You must not wear clothing made with wool and linen meshed together.[aa] 12 You shall make yourselves tassels[ab] for the four corners of the clothing you wear.
Footnotes
- Deuteronomy 21:22 tn Heb “him.”
- Deuteronomy 21:23 tn The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute for emphasis, which the translation indicates by “make certain.”
- Deuteronomy 21:23 tn Heb “hung,” but this could convey the wrong image in English (hanging with a rope as a means of execution). Cf. NCV “anyone whose body is displayed on a tree.”
- Deuteronomy 21:23 sn The idea behind the phrase cursed by God seems to be not that the person was impaled because he was cursed but that to leave him exposed there was to invite the curse of God upon the whole land. Why this would be so is not clear, though the rabbinic idea that even a criminal is created in the image of God may give some clue (thus J. H. Tigay, Deuteronomy [JPSTC], 198). Paul cites this text (see Gal 3:13) to make the point that Christ, suspended from a cross, thereby took upon himself the curse associated with such a display of divine wrath and judgment (T. George, Galatians [NAC], 238-39).
- Deuteronomy 22:1 tn Heb “you must not see,” but, if translated literally into English, the statement is misleading.
- Deuteronomy 22:1 tn Heb “brother’s” (also later in this verse). In this context it is not limited to one’s siblings, however; cf. NAB “your kinsman’s.”
- Deuteronomy 22:1 tn Heb “hide yourself.”
- Deuteronomy 22:1 tn The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute for emphasis, which the translation indicates with the words “without fail.”
- Deuteronomy 22:2 tn Heb “your brother” (also later in this verse).
- Deuteronomy 22:2 tn Heb “is not.” The idea of “residing” is implied.
- Deuteronomy 22:2 tn Heb “and you do not know him.”
- Deuteronomy 22:2 tn Heb “it”; the referent (the ox or sheep mentioned in v. 1) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
- Deuteronomy 22:3 tn Heb “your brother” (also in v. 4).
- Deuteronomy 22:3 tn Heb “you must not hide yourself.”
- Deuteronomy 22:4 tn Heb “you must not see.” See note at 22:1.
- Deuteronomy 22:4 tn Heb “and (must not) hide yourself from them.”
- Deuteronomy 22:4 tn The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute for emphasis, which the translation indicates with “be sure.”
- Deuteronomy 22:4 tn Heb “help him to lift them up.” In keeping with English style the singular is used in the translation, and the referent (“the animal”) has been specified for clarity.
- Deuteronomy 22:5 tn Heb “a man’s clothing.”
- Deuteronomy 22:5 tn The Hebrew term תּוֹעֵבָה (toʿevah, “offense”) speaks of anything that runs counter to ritual or moral order, especially (in the OT) to divine standards. Cross-dressing in this covenant context may suggest homosexuality, fertility cult ritual, or some other forbidden practice.
- Deuteronomy 22:6 tn Heb “and the mother sitting upon the chicks or the eggs.”
- Deuteronomy 22:6 tn Heb “sons,” used here in a generic sense for offspring.
- Deuteronomy 22:7 tn The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute for emphasis, which the translation seeks to reflect with “be sure.”
- Deuteronomy 22:8 tn Or “a parapet” (so NAB, NIV, NRSV); KJV “a battlement”; NLT “a barrier.”
- Deuteronomy 22:8 tn Heb “that you not place bloodshed in your house.”
- Deuteronomy 22:9 tn Heb “set apart.” The verb קָדַשׁ (qadash) in the Qal verbal stem (as here) has the idea of being holy or being treated with special care. Some take the meaning as “be off-limits, forfeited,” i.e., the total produce of the vineyard, both crops and grapes, have to be forfeited to the sanctuary (cf. Exod 29:37; 30:29; Lev 6:18, 27; Num 16:37-38; Hag 2:12).
- Deuteronomy 22:11 tn The Hebrew term שַׁעַטְנֵז (shaʿatnez) occurs only here and in Lev 19:19. HALOT 1610-11 s.v. takes it to be a contraction of words (שַׁשׁ [shash, “headdress”] and עַטְנַז [ʿatnaz, “strong”]). BDB 1043 s.v. שַׁעַטְנֵז offers the translation “mixed stuff” (cf. NEB “woven with two kinds of yarn”; NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT “woven together”). The general meaning is clear even if the etymology is not.
- Deuteronomy 22:12 tn Heb “twisted threads” (גְּדִלִים, gedilim) appears to be synonymous with צִיצִת (tsitsit) which, in Num 15:38, occurs in a passage instructing Israel to remember the covenant. Perhaps that is the purpose of the tassels here as well. Cf. KJV, ASV “fringes”; NAB “twisted cords.”
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