1 Kings 2
Tree of Life Version
David’s Last Instructions
2 Now when the time of David drew near to die, he charged his son Solomon, saying: 2 “I—I am going the way of all the earth. So be strong[a] and be a man. 3 Keep the charge of Adonai your God, to walk in His ways, to keep His statutes, His commandments, His ordinances, and His decrees, according to what is written in the Torah of Moses, so that you may succeed in all that you do and wherever you turn 4 so that Adonai may fulfill His word which He spoke concerning me, saying: ‘If your children watch their way, to walk before Me in truth with all their heart and with all their soul, you shall not lack a man on the throne of Israel.’
5 “Moreover, you also know what Joab son of Zeruiah did to me—what he did to the two commanders of the armies of Israel, to Abner son of Ner and Amasa son of Jether, whom he killed, shedding the blood of war in peacetime, and putting the blood of war on his waistband and on his sandals on his feet. 6 So act according to your wisdom, and let his gray hair not go down to Sheol in shalom. 7 But show kindness to the sons of Barzillai the Gileadite, and let them be among those who eat at your table—for they befriended me when I fled from your brother Absalom. 8 Also behold, you have with you Shimei son of Gera, the Benjamite from Bahurim, who cursed me with a grievous curse on the day I went to Mahanaim. But when he came down to meet me at the Jordan, I swore to him by Adonai saying: ‘I will not put you to death with the sword.’ 9 Now don’t let him go unpunished. For you are a wise man, and you will know how to deal with him, and bring his gray hair down to Sheol with blood.”
10 Then David slept with his fathers[b] and was buried in the city of David. 11 The days that David reigned over Israel were forty years—seven years he reigned in Hebron and 33 years he reigned in Jerusalem. 12 Then Solomon sat upon the throne of his father David, and his kingdom was established firmly.
Solomon’s Throne Secured
13 Later Adonijah son of Haggith came to Bath-sheba, Solomon’s mother. “Is your coming in shalom?” she asked.
“It is in shalom,” he said. 14 Then he said, “I have something to say to you.”
“Speak!” she said.
15 Then he said, “You know that the kingdom was mine and that all Israel looked to me to be the king. However, the kingship has turned about and become my brother’s—for it was his from Adonai. 16 So now one petition I ask of you; do not deny me.”
“Speak!” she said to him.
17 Then he said, “Please, speak to King Solomon—for he won’t turn you down—to give me Abishag the Shunammite as wife.”
18 “Very well,” said Bath-sheba, “I will speak to the king for you.”
19 So Bath-sheba went to King Solomon to speak to him about Adonijah. The king rose up to greet her and bowed down to her. Then he sat down on his throne and had a throne set up for the king’s mother, and she sat at his right hand. 20 Then she said: “I ask one small petition of you; do not deny.”
“Ask, my mother,” the king said to her, “for I will not turn you down.”
21 So she said, “Let Abishag the Shunammite be given to Adonijah your brother as wife.”
22 King Solomon answered and said to his mother: “So why are you asking Abishag the Shunammite for Adonijah? Ask for him the kingdom as well—for he is my older brother—for him and for Abiathar the kohen, and for Joab son of Zeruiah!” 23 Then King Solomon swore by Adonai saying: “May God do so to me and even more, if Adonijah does not pay with his own life for this request! 24 Now therefore, as Adonai lives who has established me and set me on the throne of my father David, and who has made me a house as He promised, surely Adonijah shall be put to death this day.”
25 Then King Solomon sent Benaiah son of Jehoiada. He struck him down and he died.
26 Also to Abiathar the kohen the king said, “Go to Anathoth, to your own fields, for you deserve death, but I will not put you to death at this time, because you carried the ark of Adonai Elohim before my father David, and because you were afflicted in everything with which my father was afflicted.” 27 So Solomon dismissed Abiathar from being kohen to Adonai—so fulfilling the word of Adonai that He spoke at Shiloh about the house of Eli.
28 When the news came to Joab, he fled to the Tent of Adonai and grasped the horns of the altar—for Joab had defected to Adonijah, though he had not defected to Absalom. 29 It was reported to King Solomon that Joab had fled to the Tent of Adonai, and behold, he was by the altar. Then Solomon sent Benaiah son of Jehoiada, saying: “Go, strike him down!”
30 So Benaiah came to the Tent of Adonai and said to him: “Thus says the king: Come out!”
But he replied: “No, for I will die here.”
Benaiah reported back to the king saying: “Thus said Joab and thus he answered me.”
31 Then the king commanded him: “Do as he has said—strike him down. Then bury him. So you will remove the blood that Joab shed without cause, from me and from my father’s house. 32 Thus Adonai will return his blood on his own head, because he struck down two men more righteous and better than he—Abner son of Ner, commander of the army of Israel, and Amasa son of Jether, commander of the army of Judah—and killed them with the sword, without my father David’s knowledge. 33 May the guilt of their blood return upon the head of Joab and upon the head of his offspring forever, but to David and his seed and his house, and his throne, may there be shalom forever from Adonai.”
34 Then Benaiah son of Jehoiada went up, struck him down and killed him, and he was buried in his own house in the wilderness. 35 Then the king appointed Benaiah son of Jehoiada in his place over the army, and Zadok the kohen the king appointed in Abiathar’s place.
36 Then the king sent and summoned Shimei, and commanded him: “Build yourself a house in Jerusalem and live there, and depart not from there anywhere else. 37 For on the day you go out and cross over the Kidron valley, know for certain that you shall surely die—your blood shall be on your own head.”
38 “The saying is good. As my lord the king has said, so will your servant do.” So Shimei lived in Jerusalem many days. 39 But it came about at the end of three years that two of Shimei’s servants ran away to Achish son of Maacah, king of Gath. So they told Shimei, saying: “Behold, your servants are in Gath.” 40 So Shimei arose, saddled his donkey and went to Gath to Achish, to look for his servants; then Shimei went and brought his servants back from Gath. 41 But it was reported to Solomon that Shimei had gone from Jerusalem to Gath and back. 42 So the king sent someone and summoned Shimei. He said to him: “Didn’t I make you swear by Adonai and forewarned you, saying: ‘Know for certain that on the day you depart and go anywhere else, you shall surely die’? You even said to me: ‘The saying is good; I have heard it.’ 43 Why then haven’t you kept the oath of Adonai and the commandment that I charged you with?” 44 The king added to Shimei: “You know all the evil, which your heart should acknowledge, that you did to my father David. Therefore Adonai will return your evil on your own head. 45 But King Solomon shall be blessed and the throne of David established before Adonai forever.” 46 So the king commanded Benaiah son of Jehoiada, and he went out and struck him down, so that he died. Thus the kingdom was secured in the hand of Solomon.
Footnotes
- 1 Kings 2:2 Heb. chazak.
- 1 Kings 2:10 cf. Acts 2:29.
1 Rois 2
Louis Segond
2 David approchait du moment de sa mort, et il donna ses ordres à Salomon, son fils, en disant:
2 Je m'en vais par le chemin de toute la terre. Fortifie-toi, et sois un homme!
3 Observe les commandements de l'Éternel, ton Dieu, en marchant dans ses voies, et en gardant ses lois, ses ordonnances, ses jugements et ses préceptes, selon ce qui est écrit dans la loi de Moïse, afin que tu réussisses dans tout ce que tu feras et partout où tu te tourneras,
4 et afin que l'Éternel accomplisse cette parole qu'il a prononcée sur moi: Si tes fils prennent garde à leur voie, en marchant avec fidélité devant moi, de tout leur coeur, et de toute leur âme, tu ne manqueras jamais d'un successeur sur le trône d'Israël.
5 Tu sais ce que m'a fait Joab, fils de Tseruja, ce qu'il a fait à deux chefs de l'armée d'Israël, à Abner, fils de Ner, et à Amassa, fils de Jéther. Il les a tués; il a versé pendant la paix le sang de la guerre, et il a mis le sang de la guerre sur la ceinture qu'il avait aux reins et sur la chaussure qu'il avait aux pieds.
6 Tu agiras selon ta sagesse, et tu ne laisseras pas ses cheveux blancs descendre en paix dans le séjour des morts.
7 Tu traiteras avec bienveillance les fils de Barzillaï, le Galaadite, et ils seront de ceux qui se nourrissent de ta table; car ils ont agi de la même manière à mon égard, en venant au-devant de moi lorsque je fuyais Absalom, ton frère.
8 Voici, tu as près de toi Schimeï, fils de Guéra, Benjamite, de Bachurim. Il a prononcé contre moi des malédictions violentes le jour où j'allais à Mahanaïm. Mais il descendit à ma rencontre vers le Jourdain, et je lui jurai par l'Éternel, en disant: Je ne te ferai point mourir par l'épée.
9 Maintenant, tu ne le laisseras pas impuni; car tu es un homme sage, et tu sais comment tu dois le traiter. Tu feras descendre ensanglantés ses cheveux blancs dans le séjour des morts.
10 David se coucha avec ses pères, et il fut enterré dans la ville de David.
11 Le temps que David régna sur Israël fut de quarante ans: à Hébron il régna sept ans, et à Jérusalem il régna trente-trois ans.
12 Salomon s'assit sur le trône de David, son père, et son règne fut très affermi.
13 Adonija, fils de Haggith, alla vers Bath Schéba, mère de Salomon. Elle lui dit: Viens-tu dans des intentions paisibles? Il répondit: Oui.
14 Et il ajouta: J'ai un mot à te dire. Elle dit: Parle!
15 Et il dit: Tu sais que la royauté m'appartenait, et que tout Israël portait ses regards sur moi pour me faire régner. Mais la royauté a tourné, et elle est échue à mon frère, parce que l'Éternel la lui a donnée.
16 Maintenant, je te demande une chose: ne me la refuse pas! Elle lui répondit: Parle!
17 Et il dit: Dis, je te prie, au roi Salomon-car il ne te le refusera pas-qu'il me donne pour femme Abischag, la Sunamite.
18 Bath Schéba dit: Bien! je parlerai pour toi au roi.
19 Bath Schéba se rendit auprès du roi Salomon, pour lui parler en faveur d'Adonija. Le roi se leva pour aller à sa rencontre, il se prosterna devant elle, et il s'assit sur son trône. On plaça un siège pour la mère du roi, et elle s'assit à sa droite.
20 Puis elle dit: J'ai une petite demande à te faire: ne me la refuse pas! Et le roi lui dit: Demande, ma mère, car je ne te refuserai pas.
21 Elle dit: Qu'Abischag, la Sunamite, soit donnée pour femme à Adonija, ton frère.
22 Le roi Salomon répondit à sa mère: Pourquoi demandes-tu Abischag, la Sunamite, pour Adonija? Demande donc la royauté pour lui, -car il est mon frère aîné, -pour lui, pour le sacrificateur Abiathar, et pour Joab, fils de Tseruja!
23 Alors le roi Salomon jura par l'Éternel, en disant: Que Dieu me traite dans toute sa rigueur, si ce n'est pas au prix de sa vie qu'Adonija a prononcé cette parole!
24 Maintenant, l'Éternel est vivant, lui qui m'a affermi et m'a fait asseoir sur le trône de David, mon père, et qui m'a fait une maison selon sa promesse! aujourd'hui Adonija mourra.
25 Et le roi Salomon envoya Benaja, fils de Jehojada, qui le frappa; et Adonija mourut.
26 Le roi dit ensuite au sacrificateur Abiathar: Va-t'en à Anathoth dans tes terres, car tu mérites la mort; mais je ne te ferai pas mourir aujourd'hui, parce que tu as porté l'arche du Seigneur l'Éternel devant David, mon père, et parce que tu as eu part à toutes les souffrances de mon père.
27 Ainsi Salomon dépouilla Abiathar de ses fonctions de sacrificateur de l'Éternel, afin d'accomplir la parole que l'Éternel avait prononcée sur la maison d'Éli à Silo.
28 Le bruit en parvint à Joab, qui avait suivi le parti d'Adonija, quoiqu'il n'eût pas suivi le parti d'Absalom. Et Joab se réfugia vers la tente de l'Éternel, et saisit les cornes de l'autel.
29 On annonça au roi Salomon que Joab s'était réfugié vers la tente de l'Éternel, et qu'il était auprès de l'autel. Et Salomon envoya Benaja, fils de Jehojada, en lui disant: Va, frappe-le.
30 Benaja arriva à la tente de l'Éternel, et dit à Joab: Sors! c'est le roi qui l'ordonne. Mais il répondit: Non! je veux mourir ici. Benaja rapporta la chose au roi, en disant: C'est ainsi qu'a parlé Joab, et c'est ainsi qu'il m'a répondu.
31 Le roi dit à Benaja: Fais comme il a dit, frappe-le, et enterre-le; tu ôteras ainsi de dessus moi et de dessus la maison de mon père le sang que Joab a répandu sans cause.
32 L'Éternel fera retomber son sang sur sa tête, parce qu'il a frappé deux hommes plus justes et meilleurs que lui et les a tués par l'épée, sans que mon père David le sût: Abner, fils de Ner, chef de l'armée d'Israël, et Amasa, fils de Jéther, chef de l'armée de Juda.
33 Leur sang retombera sur la tête de Joab et sur la tête de ses descendants à perpétuité; mais il y aura paix à toujours, de par l'Éternel, pour David, pour sa postérité, pour sa maison et pour son trône.
34 Benaja, fils de Jehojada, monta, frappa Joab, et le fit mourir. Il fut enterré dans sa maison, au désert.
35 Le roi mit à la tête de l'armée Benaja, fils de Jehojada, en remplacement de Joab, et il mit le sacrificateur Tsadok à la place d'Abiathar.
36 Le roi fit appeler Schimeï, et lui dit: Bâtis-toi une maison à Jérusalem; tu y demeureras, et tu n'en sortiras point pour aller de côté ou d'autre.
37 Sache bien que tu mourras le jour où tu sortiras et passeras le torrent de Cédron; ton sang sera sur ta tête.
38 Schimeï répondit au roi: C'est bien! ton serviteur fera ce que dit mon seigneur le roi. Et Schimeï demeura longtemps à Jérusalem.
39 Au bout de trois ans, il arriva que deux serviteurs de Schimeï s'enfuirent chez Akisch, fils de Maaca, roi de Gath. On le rapporta à Schimeï, en disant: Voici, tes serviteurs sont à Gath.
40 Schimeï se leva, sella son âne, et s'en alla à Gath chez Akisch pour chercher ses serviteurs. Schimeï donc s'en alla, et il ramena de Gath ses serviteurs.
41 On informa Salomon que Schimeï était allé de Jérusalem à Gath, et qu'il était de retour.
42 Le roi fit appeler Schimeï, et lui dit: Ne t'avais-je pas fait jurer par l'Éternel, et ne t'avais-je pas fait cette déclaration formelle: Sache bien que tu mourras le jour où tu sortiras pour aller de côté ou d'autre? Et ne m'as-tu pas répondu: C'est bien! j'ai entendu?
43 Pourquoi donc n'as-tu pas observé le serment de l'Éternel et l'ordre que je t'avais donné?
44 Et le roi dit à Schimeï: Tu sais au dedans de ton coeur tout le mal que tu as fait à David, mon père; l'Éternel fait retomber ta méchanceté sur ta tête.
45 Mais le roi Salomon sera béni, et le trône de David sera pour toujours affermi devant l'Éternel.
46 Et le roi donna ses ordres à Benaja, fils de Jehojada, qui sortit et frappa Schimeï; et Schimeï mourut. La royauté fut ainsi affermie entre les mains de Salomon.
1 Kings 2
New American Standard Bible
David’s Command to Solomon
2 As David’s [a](A)time to die drew near, he commanded his son Solomon, saying, 2 “(B)I am going the way of all the earth. So (C)be strong, and [b]prove yourself a man. 3 Do your duty to the Lord your God, to walk in His ways, to [c]keep His statutes, His commandments, His ordinances, and His testimonies, (D)according to what is written in the Law of Moses, so that (E)you may succeed in all that you do and wherever you turn, 4 so that (F)the Lord may fulfill His [d]promise which He spoke regarding me, saying, ‘(G)If your sons are careful about their way, (H)to walk before Me in [e]truth with all their heart and all their soul, [f](I)you shall not be deprived of a man to occupy the throne of Israel.’
5 “Now you yourself also know what Joab the (J)son of Zeruiah did to me, what he did to the two commanders of the armies of Israel, to (K)Abner the son of Ner and to (L)Amasa the son of Jether, whom he killed; he also [g]shed the blood of war in peace. And he put the blood of war on his belt that was on his waist, and on his sandals that were on his feet. 6 (M)So act as your wisdom dictates, and do not let his gray hair go down to [h]Sheol in peace. 7 However, (N)show kindness to the sons of Barzillai the Gileadite, and (O)let them be among those who eat at your table; (P)for [i]they assisted me when I fled from Absalom your brother. 8 And behold, you have with you (Q)Shimei the son of Gera the Benjaminite, of Bahurim; now it was he who cursed me with a painful curse on the day I went to Mahanaim. But when (R)he came down to meet me at the Jordan, I swore to him by the Lord, saying, ‘I will not put you to death with the sword.’ 9 But now do not leave him unpunished, (S)for you are a wise man; and you will know what to do to him, and you will bring his gray hair down to [j]Sheol with blood.”
Death of David
10 Then (T)David [k]lay down with his fathers, and he was buried in (U)the city of David. 11 Now (V)the days that David reigned over Israel were forty years: in Hebron he reigned for (W)seven years, and in Jerusalem he reigned for thirty-three years. 12 Then (X)Solomon sat on the throne of his father David, and his kingdom was firmly established.
13 Now Adonijah the son of Haggith came to Bathsheba the mother of Solomon. So she said, “(Y)Do you come peacefully?” And he said, “Peacefully.” 14 Then he said, “I have something to say to you.” And she said, “Speak.” 15 So he said, “You yourself know that (Z)the kingdom was mine and (AA)that all Israel [l]intended for me to be king; (AB)however, the kingdom has turned around and become my brother’s, (AC)for it was his from the Lord. 16 So now I am making one request of you; do not [m]refuse me.” And she said to him, “Speak.” 17 Then he said, “Please speak to Solomon the king—for he will not [n]refuse you—that he may give me (AD)Abishag the Shunammite as a wife.” 18 And Bathsheba said, “Very well; I will speak to the king for you.”
Adonijah Executed
19 So Bathsheba went to King Solomon, to speak to him for Adonijah. And the king stood to meet her, bowed to her, and sat on his throne; then he (AE)had a throne set up for the king’s mother, and (AF)she sat on his right. 20 Then she said, “I am making one small request of you; (AG)do not [o]refuse me.” And the king said to her, “Ask, my mother, for I will not [p]refuse you.” 21 So she said, “(AH)Let Abishag the Shunammite be given to Adonijah your brother as a wife.” 22 But King Solomon answered and said to his mother, “And why are you requesting Abishag the Shunammite for Adonijah? (AI)Request for him the kingdom as well—(AJ)since he is my older brother—for him, for (AK)Abiathar the priest, and for Joab the son of Zeruiah!” 23 Then King Solomon swore by the Lord, saying, “May God do so to me and more so, if Adonijah has (AL)not spoken this word against his own [q]life! 24 Now then, as the Lord lives, who has established me and set me on the throne of David my father, and (AM)has made me a house just as He [r]promised, Adonijah certainly shall be put to death today!” 25 Then King Solomon (AN)sent the order by Benaiah the son of Jehoiada; and he [s]struck him so that he died.
26 Then to Abiathar the priest the king said, “(AO)Go to Anathoth to your own field, (AP)for you [t]deserve to die; but I will not put you to death at this [u]time, because (AQ)you carried the ark of the Lord [v]God before my father David, and because (AR)you were afflicted in everything with which my father was afflicted.” 27 So Solomon dismissed Abiathar from being priest to the Lord, to fulfill (AS)the word of the Lord, which He had spoken regarding the house of Eli in Shiloh.
Joab Executed
28 Now the news came to Joab (AT)because Joab had followed Adonijah, (AU)though he had not followed Absalom. So Joab fled to the tent of the Lord and (AV)took hold of the horns of the altar. 29 And it was reported to King Solomon that Joab had fled to the tent of the Lord, and [w]was beside the altar. Then Solomon (AW)sent Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, saying, “(AX)Go, [x]execute him.” 30 So Benaiah came to the tent of the Lord and said to him, “This is what the king has said: ‘Come out.’” But he said, “No, for I will die here.” So Benaiah brought back word to the king, saying, “This is what Joab spoke, and so he answered me.” 31 And the king said to him, “(AY)Do just as he has spoken, and [y]execute him and bury him, (AZ)so that you may remove from me and from my father’s house the blood which Joab shed without [z]justification. 32 (BA)The Lord will return his blood on his own head, (BB)because he [aa]struck two men more righteous and better than he, and killed them with the sword, while my father David did not know about it: (BC)Abner the son of Ner, commander of the army of Israel, and (BD)Amasa the son of Jether, commander of the army of Judah. 33 (BE)So their blood shall return on the head of Joab and on the head of his [ab]descendants forever; but for David and his [ac]descendants, and his house and his throne, may there be peace from the Lord forever.” 34 Then (BF)Benaiah the son of Jehoiada went up and [ad]struck him and put him to death, and he was buried at his own house (BG)in the wilderness. 35 And (BH)the king appointed Benaiah the son of Jehoiada over the army in his place, and the king appointed (BI)Zadok the priest (BJ)in place of Abiathar.
Shimei Executed
36 Now the king sent men and summoned (BK)Shimei, and said to him, “Build yourself a house in Jerusalem and live there, and do not leave there for any other place. 37 For on the day you leave and (BL)cross the [ae]brook Kidron, you will know for certain that you will assuredly die; (BM)your blood will be [af]on your own head.” 38 Shimei then said to the king, “The word is good. Just as my lord the king has spoken, so your servant shall do.” So Shimei lived in Jerusalem for many days.
39 But it came about at the end of three years, that two of Shimei’s servants ran away (BN)to Achish son of Maacah, king of Gath. And others told Shimei, saying, “Behold, your servants are in Gath.” 40 Then Shimei got up and saddled his donkey, and went to Gath to Achish, to search for his servants. And Shimei went and brought his servants from Gath. 41 And it was reported to Solomon that Shimei had gone from Jerusalem to Gath, and had returned. 42 So the king sent men and summoned Shimei, and said to him, “Did I not make you swear by the Lord, and solemnly warn you, saying, ‘Know for certain that on the day you depart and go anywhere, you shall assuredly die’? And you said to me, ‘The word I have heard is good.’ 43 Why then have you not kept the oath of the Lord, and the command which I [ag]imposed on you?” 44 The king also said to Shimei, “(BO)You yourself know all the evil that [ah]you acknowledge in your heart, which you did to my father David; therefore (BP)the Lord will return your evil on your own head. 45 But King Solomon will be blessed, and (BQ)the throne of David will be established before the Lord forever.” 46 (BR)So the king commanded Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and he went out and [ai]struck him so that he died.
(BS)And the kingdom was established in the hands of Solomon.
Footnotes
- 1 Kings 2:1 Lit days
- 1 Kings 2:2 Lit become a man
- 1 Kings 2:3 Or carefully perform
- 1 Kings 2:4 Lit word
- 1 Kings 2:4 Or faithfulness
- 1 Kings 2:4 Lit there shall not be cut off to you a man from upon
- 1 Kings 2:5 Lit brought blood...on peace
- 1 Kings 2:6 I.e., the netherworld
- 1 Kings 2:7 Lit so they came near to me
- 1 Kings 2:9 I.e., the netherworld
- 1 Kings 2:10 I.e., died
- 1 Kings 2:15 Lit set their faces toward me
- 1 Kings 2:16 Lit turn away my face
- 1 Kings 2:17 Lit turn away your face
- 1 Kings 2:20 Lit turn away my face
- 1 Kings 2:20 Lit turn away your face
- 1 Kings 2:23 Lit soul
- 1 Kings 2:24 Lit spoke
- 1 Kings 2:25 Lit attacked
- 1 Kings 2:26 Lit are a man of death
- 1 Kings 2:26 Lit day
- 1 Kings 2:26 Heb YHWH, usually rendered Lord
- 1 Kings 2:29 Lit behold, beside
- 1 Kings 2:29 Lit attack
- 1 Kings 2:31 Lit attack
- 1 Kings 2:31 Or cause
- 1 Kings 2:32 Lit attacked
- 1 Kings 2:33 Lit seed
- 1 Kings 2:33 Lit seed
- 1 Kings 2:34 Lit attacked
- 1 Kings 2:37 Or wadi
- 1 Kings 2:37 I.e., your own responsibility
- 1 Kings 2:43 Lit commanded
- 1 Kings 2:44 Lit your heart acknowledges
- 1 Kings 2:46 Lit attacked
Tree of Life (TLV) Translation of the Bible. Copyright © 2015 by The Messianic Jewish Family Bible Society.
New American Standard Bible®, Copyright © 1960, 1971, 1977, 1995, 2020 by The Lockman Foundation. All rights reserved.
