Mark 5
English Standard Version
Jesus Heals a Man with a Demon
5 (A)They came to the other side of the sea, to the country of the Gerasenes.[a] 2 And when Jesus[b] had stepped out of the boat, immediately there met him out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit. 3 (B)He lived among the tombs. And no one could bind him anymore, not even with a chain, 4 for he had often been bound with shackles and chains, but he wrenched the chains apart, and he broke the shackles in pieces. No one had the strength to subdue him. 5 Night and day among the tombs and on the mountains he was always crying out and cutting himself with stones. 6 And when he saw Jesus from afar, he ran and (C)fell down before him. 7 And (D)crying out with a loud voice, he said, “What have you to do with me, Jesus, (E)Son of (F)the Most High God? (G)I adjure you by God, do not torment me.” 8 For he was saying to him, “Come out of the man, you unclean spirit!” 9 And Jesus asked him, “What is your name?” He replied, “My name is (H)Legion, for we are many.” 10 And he begged him earnestly not to send them out of the country. 11 Now a great herd of pigs was feeding there on the hillside, 12 and they begged him, saying, “Send us to the pigs; let us enter them.” 13 So he gave them permission. And the unclean spirits came out and entered the pigs; and the herd, numbering about two thousand, rushed down the steep bank into the sea and drowned in the sea.
14 The herdsmen fled and told it in the city and in the country. And people came to see what it was that had happened. 15 And they came to Jesus and saw the demon-possessed[c] man, the one who had had (I)the legion, sitting there, (J)clothed and in his right mind, and they were afraid. 16 And those who had seen it described to them what had happened to the demon-possessed man and to the pigs. 17 And (K)they began to beg Jesus[d] to depart from their region. 18 As he was getting into the boat, the man who had been possessed with demons begged him that he might be with him. 19 And he did not permit him but said to him, “Go home to your friends and (L)tell them how much the Lord has done for you, and how he has had mercy on you.” 20 And he went away and began to proclaim in (M)the Decapolis how much Jesus had done for him, and everyone marveled.
Jesus Heals a Woman and Jairus's Daughter
21 And when Jesus had crossed again in the boat to the other side, a great crowd gathered about him, and he was beside the sea. 22 (N)Then came one of (O)the rulers of the synagogue, Jairus by name, and seeing him, he fell at his feet 23 and implored him earnestly, saying, “My little daughter is at the point of death. Come and (P)lay your hands on her, so that she may be made well and live.” 24 And he went with him.
And a great crowd followed him and (Q)thronged about him. 25 And there was a woman (R)who had had a discharge of blood for twelve years, 26 and who had suffered much under many physicians, and had spent all that she had, and was no better but rather grew worse. 27 She had heard the reports about Jesus and came up behind him in the crowd and touched his garment. 28 For she said, “If I touch even his garments, I will be made well.” 29 (S)And immediately the flow of blood dried up, and she felt in her body that she was healed of her (T)disease. 30 And Jesus, perceiving in himself that (U)power had gone out from him, immediately turned about in the crowd and said, “Who touched my garments?” 31 And his disciples said to him, “You see the crowd pressing around you, and yet you say, ‘Who touched me?’” 32 And he looked around to see who had done it. 33 But the woman, knowing what had happened to her, came in fear and trembling and fell down before him and told him the whole truth. 34 And he said to her, “Daughter, (V)your faith has made you well; (W)go in peace, and be healed of your (X)disease.”
35 While he was still speaking, there came from (Y)the ruler's house some who said, “Your daughter is dead. Why (Z)trouble (AA)the Teacher any further?” 36 But overhearing[e] what they said, Jesus said to (AB)the ruler of the synagogue, “Do not fear, only believe.” 37 And he allowed no one to follow him except (AC)Peter and James and (AD)John the brother of James. 38 They came to the house of the ruler of the synagogue, and Jesus[f] saw a commotion, people weeping and wailing loudly. 39 And when he had entered, he said to them, (AE)“Why are you making a commotion and weeping? The child is not dead but (AF)sleeping.” 40 And they laughed at him. But he (AG)put them all outside and took the child's father and mother and those who were with him and went in where the child was. 41 (AH)Taking her by the hand he said to her, “Talitha cumi,” which means, “Little girl, I say to you, (AI)arise.” 42 And immediately the girl got up and began walking (for she was twelve years of age), and they were immediately overcome with amazement. 43 And (AJ)he strictly charged them that no one should know this, and told them to give her something to eat.
Mark 5
Amplified Bible, Classic Edition
5 They came to the other side of the sea to the region of the Gerasenes.
2 And as soon as He got out of the boat, there met Him out of the tombs a man [under the power] of an unclean spirit.
3 This man [a]continually lived among the tombs, and no one could subdue him any more, even with a chain;
4 For he had been bound often with shackles for the feet and [b]handcuffs, but the handcuffs of [light] chains he wrenched apart, and the shackles he rubbed and ground together and broke in pieces; and no one had strength enough to restrain or tame him.
5 Night and day among the tombs and on the mountains he was always [c]shrieking and screaming and [d]beating and bruising and [e]cutting himself with stones.
6 And when from a distance he saw Jesus, he ran and fell on his knees before Him in homage,
7 And crying out with a loud voice, he said, What have You to do with me, Jesus, Son of the Most High God? [What is there in common between us?] I [f]solemnly implore you by God, do not begin to torment me!
8 For Jesus was commanding, Come out of the man, you unclean spirit!
9 And He asked him, What is your name? He replied, My name is Legion, for we are many.
10 And he kept begging Him urgently not to send them [himself and the other demons] away out of that region.
11 Now a great herd of hogs was grazing there on the hillside.
12 And the demons begged Him, saying, Send us to the hogs, that we may go into them!
13 So He gave them permission. And the unclean spirits came out [of the man] and entered into the hogs; and the herd, numbering about 2,000, rushed headlong down the steep slope into the sea and were drowned in the sea.
14 The hog feeders ran away, and told [it] in the town and in the country. And [the people] came to see what it was that had taken place.
15 And they came to Jesus and looked intently and searchingly at the man who had been a demoniac, sitting there, clothed and in his right mind, [the same man] who had had the legion [of demons]; and they were [g]seized with alarm and struck with fear.
16 And those who had seen it related in full what had happened to the man possessed by demons and to the hogs.
17 And they began to beg [Jesus] to leave their neighborhood.
18 And when He had stepped into the boat, the man who had been controlled by the unclean spirits kept begging Him that he might be with Him.
19 But Jesus refused to permit him, but said to him, Go home to your own [family and relatives and friends] and bring back word to them of how much the Lord has done for you, and [how He has] had sympathy for you and mercy on you.
20 And he departed and began to publicly proclaim in Decapolis [the region of the ten cities] how much Jesus had done for him, and all the people were astonished and marveled.(A)
21 And when Jesus had recrossed in the boat to the other side, a great throng gathered about Him, and He was at the lakeshore.
22 Then one of the rulers of the synagogue came up, Jairus by name; and seeing Him, he prostrated himself at His feet
23 And begged Him earnestly, saying, My little daughter is at the point of death. Come and lay Your hands on her, so that she may be healed and live.
24 And Jesus went with him; and a great crowd kept following Him and pressed Him [h]from all sides [so as almost to suffocate Him].
25 And there was a woman who had had a flow of blood for twelve years,
26 And who had endured much [i]suffering under [the hands of] many physicians and had spent all that she had, and was no better but instead grew worse.
27 She had heard the reports concerning Jesus, and she came up behind Him in the throng and touched His garment,
28 For she kept saying, If I only touch His garments, I shall be restored to health.
29 And immediately her flow of blood was dried up at the source, and [[j]suddenly] she felt in her body that she was healed of her [[k]distressing] ailment.
30 And Jesus, recognizing in Himself that the power proceeding from Him had gone forth, turned around immediately in the crowd and said, Who touched My clothes?
31 And the disciples kept saying to Him, You see the crowd pressing hard around You [l]from all sides, and You ask, Who touched Me?
32 Still He kept looking around to see her who had done it.
33 But the woman, knowing what had been done for her, though alarmed and frightened and trembling, fell down before Him and told Him the whole truth.
34 And He said to her, Daughter, your faith (your [m]trust and confidence in Me, springing from faith in God) has restored you to health. Go in [n](into) peace and be continually healed and freed from your [[o]distressing bodily] disease.
35 While He was still speaking, there came some from the ruler’s house, who said [to Jairus], Your daughter has died. Why bother and distress the Teacher any further?
36 [p]Overhearing but ignoring what they said, Jesus said to the ruler of the synagogue, Do not be seized with alarm and struck with fear; only keep on believing.
37 And He permitted no one to accompany Him except Peter and James and John the brother of James.
38 When they arrived at the house of the ruler of the synagogue, He [q]looked [carefully and with understanding] at [the] tumult and the people weeping and wailing loudly.
39 And when He had gone in, He said to them, Why do you make an uproar and weep? The little girl is not dead but is sleeping.
40 And they laughed and [r]jeered at Him. But He put them all out, and, taking the child’s father and mother and those who were with Him, He went in where the little girl was lying.
41 Gripping her [firmly] by the hand, He said to her, Talitha cumi—which translated is, Little girl, I say to you, arise [[s]from the sleep of death]!
42 And instantly the girl got up and started walking around—for she was twelve years old. And they were utterly astonished and overcome with amazement.
43 And He strictly commanded and warned them that no one should know this, and He [[t]expressly] told them to give her [something] to eat.
Footnotes
- Mark 5:3 Kenneth Wuest, Word Studies.
- Mark 5:4 Joseph Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon.
- Mark 5:5 Joseph Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon.
- Mark 5:5 James Moulton and George Milligan, The Vocabulary.
- Mark 5:5 G. Abbott-Smith, Manual Greek Lexicon.
- Mark 5:7 Kenneth Wuest, Word Studies.
- Mark 5:15 Joseph Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon.
- Mark 5:24 Joseph Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon.
- Mark 5:26 Marvin Vincent, Word Studies.
- Mark 5:29 Kenneth Wuest, Word Studies.
- Mark 5:29 Joseph Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon.
- Mark 5:31 Joseph Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon.
- Mark 5:34 Joseph Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon.
- Mark 5:34 Kenneth Wuest, Word Studies.
- Mark 5:34 Joseph Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon.
- Mark 5:36 Some manuscripts so read.
- Mark 5:38 Kenneth Wuest, Word Studies.
- Mark 5:40 G. Abbott-Smith, Manual Greek Lexicon.
- Mark 5:41 Joseph Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon.
- Mark 5:43 Joseph Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon.
Mark 5
Lexham English Bible
A Demon-possessed Gerasene Healed
5 And they came to the other side of the sea,[a] to the region of the Gerasenes.[b] 2 And as[c] he was getting out of the boat, immediately from the tombs a man with an unclean spirit went to meet him, 3 who lived[d] among the tombs. And no one was able to bind him any longer, not even with a chain, 4 because he had often been bound with shackles and chains, and the chains had been torn apart by him, and the shackles had been shattered. And no one was strong enough to subdue him. 5 And during every night and day among the tombs and on the mountains he was crying out and cutting himself with stones. 6 And when he[e] saw Jesus from a distance, he ran and knelt down before him. 7 And crying out with a loud voice he said, “What have I to do with you[f], Jesus, Son of the Most High God? I implore you by God, do not torment me!” 8 (For he was saying to him, “Come out of the man, unclean spirit!”) 9 And he was asking him “What is your name?”[g] And he said to him, “My name is Legion, because we are many.” 10 And he was imploring him many times that he would not send them out of the region. 11 Now a large herd of pigs was there at the hill feeding, 12 and they implored him, saying, “Send us to the pigs so that we may enter into them.” 13 And he permitted them. And the unclean spirits came out and[h] entered into the pigs, and the herd—about two thousand—rushed headlong down the steep slope into the sea and were drowned in the sea. 14 And their herdsmen fled and reported it[i] in the town and in the countryside, and they came to see what it was that had happened. 15 And they came to Jesus and saw the demon-possessed man sitting there clothed and in his right mind—the one who had had the legion—and they were afraid. 16 And those who had seen it[j] described to them what had happened to the demon-possessed man, and about the pigs. 17 And they began to urge him to depart from their region. 18 And as[k] he was getting into the boat, the man who had been demon-possessed began to implore[l] him that he could go with him. 19 And he did not permit him, but said to him, “Go to your home to your people and tell them all that the Lord has done for you, and that he has had mercy on you.” 20 And he went away and began to proclaim in the Decapolis all that Jesus had done for him, and they were all astonished.
A Woman Healed and a Daughter Raised
21 And after[m] Jesus had crossed over again in the boat to the other side, a large crowd gathered to him, and he was beside the sea. 22 And one of the rulers of the synagogue came—Jairus by name—and when he[n] saw him, he fell down at his feet. 23 And he was imploring him many times, saying, “My little daughter is at the point of death![o] Come, lay your[p] hands on her, so that she will get well and will live.” 24 And he went with him, and a large crowd was following him and pressing around him.
25 And there was a woman who was suffering from hemorrhages[q] twelve years. 26 And she had endured many things under many physicians, and had spent all that she had[r] and had received no help at all, but instead became worse.[s] 27 When she[t] heard about Jesus, she came up in the crowd behind him and[u] touched his cloak, 28 for she was saying, “If I touch just his clothing, I will be healed!” 29 And immediately her hemorrhage stopped[v] and she realized in her[w] body that she was healed of her[x] suffering. 30 And immediately Jesus, perceiving in himself that power had gone out from himself, turned around in the crowd and[y] said, “Who touched my clothing?” 31 And his disciples said to him, “You see the crowd pressing upon you, and you say ‘Who touched me?’” 32 And he was looking around to see the one who had done this. 33 So the woman, frightened and trembling, knowing what had happened to her, came and fell down before him and told him the whole truth. 34 But he said to her, “Daughter, your faith has healed you. Go in peace and be well from your suffering.”
35 While[z] he was still speaking, they came from the synagogue ruler’s house[aa] saying, “Your daughter has died. Why trouble the Teacher further?” 36 But Jesus, ignoring[ab] what was said,[ac] told the ruler of the synagogue, “Do not be afraid—only believe!” 37 And he did not allow anyone to follow along with him except Peter and James and John, the brother of James. 38 And they came to the house of the ruler of the synagogue and saw a commotion, and people weeping and wailing loudly. 39 And when he[ad] entered, he said to them, “Why are you agitated and weeping? The child is not dead, but is sleeping.” 40 And they began laughing[ae] at him. But he sent them all out and[af] took along the father and mother of the child, and those who were with him, and went in to where the child was. 41 And taking hold of the child’s hand, he said to her, “Talitha koum!” (which is translated, “Little girl, I say to you, get up!”), 42 and immediately the girl stood up and began walking around[ag] (for she was twelve years old). And immediately they were utterly and completely astonished.[ah] 43 And he commanded them strictly that no one should learn of this, and said to give her something[ai] to eat.
Footnotes
- Mark 5:1 That is, the Sea of Galilee
- Mark 5:1 Most later manuscripts read “Gadarenes,” while other manuscripts read “Gergesenes” here
- Mark 5:2 Here “as” is supplied as a component of the temporal genitive absolute participle (“was getting out”)
- Mark 5:3 Literally “had his dwelling”
- Mark 5:6 Here “when” is supplied as a component of the participle (“saw”) which is understood as temporal
- Mark 5:7 Literally “what to me and to you”
- Mark 5:9 Literally “what name to you”
- Mark 5:13 Here “and” is supplied because the previous participle (“came out”) has been translated as a finite verb
- Mark 5:14 Here the direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
- Mark 5:16 Here the direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
- Mark 5:18 Here “as” is supplied as a component of the temporal genitive absolute participle (“was getting”)
- Mark 5:18 The imperfect tense has been translated as ingressive here (“began to implore”)
- Mark 5:21 Here “after” is supplied as a component of the temporal genitive absolute participle (“had crossed over”)
- Mark 5:22 Here “when” is supplied as a component of the participle (“saw”) which is understood as temporal
- Mark 5:23 Literally “has finally”
- Mark 5:23 Literally “the”; the Greek article is used here as a possessive pronoun
- Mark 5:25 Literally “with a flow of blood”
- Mark 5:26 Literally “all with her”
- Mark 5:26 Literally “came back for the worse”
- Mark 5:27 Here “when” is supplied as a component of the participle (“heard”) which is understood as temporal
- Mark 5:27 Here “and” is supplied because the previous participle (“came up”) has been translated as a finite verb
- Mark 5:29 Literally “flow of blood was dried up”
- Mark 5:29 Literally “the”; the Greek article is used here as a possessive pronoun
- Mark 5:29 Literally “the”; the Greek article is used here as a possessive pronoun
- Mark 5:30 Here “and” is supplied because the previous participle (“turned around”) has been translated as a finite verb
- Mark 5:35 Here “while” is supplied as a component of the temporal genitive absolute participle (“speaking”)
- Mark 5:35 Here “house” is implied since the synagogue ruler himself is directly addressed (and therefore present) in the remainder of this verse
- Mark 5:36 Or “overhearing”
- Mark 5:36 Literally “the report that was spoken”
- Mark 5:39 Here “when” is supplied as a component of the participle (“entered”) which is understood as temporal
- Mark 5:40 The imperfect tense has been translated as ingressive here (“began laughing”)
- Mark 5:40 Here “and” is supplied because the previous participle (“sent … out”) has been translated as a finite verb
- Mark 5:42 The imperfect tense has been translated as ingressive here (“began walking around”)
- Mark 5:42 Literally “immediately they were astonished with great astonishment”
- Mark 5:43 Here the direct object is supplied from context in the English translation
Markus 5
Hoffnung für Alle
Jesus versorgt, rettet, heilt, befreit (Kapitel 5–9)
Jesus heilt einen Besessenen (Matthäus 8,28‒34; Lukas 8,26‒39)
5 Als sie auf der anderen Seite des Sees das Gebiet der Gerasener erreichten 2 und Jesus eben aus dem Boot stieg, kam ihm ein Mann entgegen. Dieser Mensch wurde von einem bösen Geist beherrscht 3 und hauste in Grabhöhlen. Er war so wild, dass er nicht einmal mit Ketten gebändigt werden konnte. 4 Sooft man ihn auch an Händen und Füßen fesselte, jedes Mal zerbrach er die Ketten wieder und riss sich los. Niemand konnte ihn überwältigen. 5 Tag und Nacht hielt er sich in den Grabhöhlen auf oder irrte in den Bergen umher. Dabei schrie er und schlug mit Steinen auf sich ein.
6 Kaum hatte er Jesus von weitem gesehen, rannte er los, warf sich vor ihm nieder 7 und rief laut: »Was willst du von mir, Jesus, du Sohn Gottes, des Höchsten? Ich beschwöre dich bei Gott, quäle mich nicht!« 8 Jesus hatte nämlich dem Dämon befohlen: »Verlass diesen Menschen, du böser Geist!« 9 Da fragte ihn Jesus: »Wie heißt du?« Der Dämon antwortete: »Mein Name ist Legion[a]; wir sind nämlich viele.« 10 Er flehte Jesus an: »Vertreibe uns nicht aus dieser Gegend!«
11 Nicht weit entfernt an einem Abhang weidete eine große Herde Schweine. 12 »Lass uns in diese Schweine fahren!«, baten die Dämonen. 13 Jesus erlaubte es ihnen. Jetzt verließen die bösen Geister den Mann und bemächtigten sich der Schweine. Die ganze Herde – ungefähr zweitausend Tiere – stürzte den Abhang hinunter in den See und ertrank.
14 Die Schweinehirten ergriffen die Flucht und erzählten in der Stadt und in den umliegenden Dörfern, was geschehen war. Von überall her kamen die Leute gelaufen, um sich selbst zu überzeugen. 15 Sie sahen den Mann, den die vielen Dämonen gequält hatten. Er war ordentlich angezogen und bei klarem Verstand. Ganz ruhig saß er neben Jesus – und das, obwohl so viele Dämonen ihn in ihrer Gewalt gehabt hatten! Da wurde ihnen unheimlich zumute. 16 Diejenigen aber, die alles mit angesehen hatten, erzählten, wie der Besessene geheilt wurde und was mit den Schweinen geschehen war. 17 Daraufhin baten die Leute Jesus, er möge ihre Gegend wieder verlassen.
18 Jesus wollte gerade in das Boot steigen, als ihn der Geheilte bat, bei ihm bleiben zu dürfen. 19 Aber Jesus erlaubte es ihm nicht. Er sagte: »Geh nach Hause zu deiner Familie und erzähle ihnen, welches große Wunder der Herr an dir getan hat und wie barmherzig er mit dir gewesen ist!« 20 Da ging der Mann weg und berichtete im ganzen Gebiet der Zehn Städte, was Jesus für ihn getan hatte. Und alle staunten.
Macht über Krankheit und Tod (Matthäus 9,18‒26; Lukas 8,40‒56)
21 Kaum war Jesus ans andere Ufer zurückgefahren, als sich dort wieder eine große Menschenmenge um ihn versammelte. 22 Da kam ein Vorsteher der jüdischen Gemeinde namens Jaïrus. Als er Jesus entdeckte, warf er sich ihm zu Füßen 23 und flehte ihn an: »Meine Tochter liegt im Sterben. Komm und leg ihr die Hände auf, damit sie wieder gesund wird und am Leben bleibt!« 24 Jesus ging mit ihm, dicht gefolgt von einer großen Menschenmenge.
25 Unter den Leuten war auch eine Frau, die seit zwölf Jahren an starken Blutungen litt. 26 Sie hatte sich schon von vielen Ärzten behandeln lassen, dabei sehr gelitten und ihr ganzes Vermögen ausgegeben. Aber niemand hatte ihr helfen können. Ihr Leiden war nur noch schlimmer geworden. 27 Dann hatte sie von Jesus gehört. Deshalb drängte sie sich durch die Menge von hinten an ihn heran und berührte heimlich sein Gewand. 28 Denn sie sagte sich: »Wenn ich wenigstens seine Kleider berühren kann, werde ich bestimmt gesund.« 29 Und tatsächlich: Die Blutungen hörten sofort auf, und sie spürte, dass sie von ihrem Leiden befreit war.
30 Im selben Augenblick merkte auch Jesus, dass heilende Kraft von ihm ausgegangen war. Deshalb drehte er sich um und fragte: »Wer hat mein Gewand angefasst?« 31 Seine Jünger antworteten: »Du siehst doch, dass die Leute dich von allen Seiten bedrängen, und da fragst du, wer dich angefasst hat?« 32 Aber Jesus blickte sich weiter um und versuchte herauszufinden, wer ihn berührt hatte. 33 Die Frau war erschrocken und zitterte am ganzen Leib, denn sie wusste ja, was mit ihr geschehen war. Sie trat hervor, fiel vor ihm nieder und erzählte ihm alles. 34 Jesus sagte zu ihr: »Meine Tochter, dein Glaube hat dich geheilt. Geh in Frieden. Du bist gesund.«
35 Noch während er mit der Frau redete, kamen einige Leute aus dem Haus von Jaïrus gelaufen und sagten zu ihm: »Deine Tochter ist gestorben. Es hat keinen Zweck mehr, den Lehrer zu bemühen.« 36 Jesus hörte das und sagte zu Jaïrus: »Verzweifle nicht! Vertrau mir einfach!« 37 Er wies die Menschen zurück, die ihm folgen wollten. Nur Petrus und die Brüder Jakobus und Johannes durften ihn begleiten.
38 Als sie zum Haus von Jaïrus kamen, sah Jesus die vielen aufgeregten Menschen und hörte ihr Weinen und lautes Klagen. 39 Er ging hinein und fragte: »Weshalb macht ihr solchen Lärm? Warum weint ihr? Das Kind ist nicht gestorben, es schläft nur.« 40 Da lachten sie ihn aus. Jesus schickte sie alle weg; nur die Eltern und seine drei Jünger gingen mit in das Zimmer, wo das Mädchen lag. 41 Dann nahm er ihre Hand und sagte: »Talita kum!« Das heißt übersetzt: »Mädchen, steh auf!« 42 Da stand das zwölfjährige Kind auf und ging im Zimmer umher. Alle waren völlig fassungslos. 43 Jesus verbot ihnen nachdrücklich, anderen davon zu erzählen. »Und nun gebt dem Mädchen etwas zu essen!«, sagte er.
Footnotes
- 5,9 »Legion« bezeichnet eigentlich die größte Einheit des römischen Heeres (4000–6000 Soldaten). Hier beschreibt das Wort die große Anzahl der Dämonen.
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Hoffnung für Alle® (Hope for All) Copyright © 1983, 1996, 2002 by Biblica, Inc.®