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但以理书 11
Chinese New Version (Traditional)

波斯攻擊希臘的預言

11 “瑪代人大利烏王第一年，我曾經起來幫助米迦勒，使他堅強。 2 現在我要把真理告訴你。看哪！在波斯還有三個王要興起；第四個王必非常富有，遠超過所有的王；他因富足成為強盛以後，就必煽動眾民攻擊希臘國。 3 後來必有一個英勇的王興起，他必執掌大權，任意而行。 4 他興起的時候，他的國就破裂，向天的四方（“四方”原文作“四風”）分開，卻不歸給他的後代，國勢也不及他掌權的時候；因為他的國必被拔出，歸給他後代以外的人。

南方王與北方王時戰時和

5 “南方的王必強盛，他的將領中必有一個比他更強盛的，這人必掌權，他的權勢很大。 6 過了多年，南方王的女兒必到北方王那裡去修好，他們必互相結盟。但這女子的勢力必存留不住；王和他的勢力也站立不住；她連同那些帶她來的、那生她的，和那幫助她的，都被交出處死。 7 但這女子的本家（“本家”原文作“根”）必另有一個兒子（“兒子”原文作“枝子”）興起，繼承父位；他必來攻擊北方王的軍隊，進入北方王的堡壘，攻打他們，而且得勝。 8 他又把他們的神像、鑄成的偶像，連同金銀的寶器，都一起擄掠到了埃及去。此後數年之久，他不再去攻擊北方王。 9 後來北方王必侵入南方王的國土，然後撤退歸回本國。

10 “北方王的眾子必備戰，招集大軍；這大軍前進，如洪水氾濫，橫掃南方王的國土；之後他又再去爭戰，直到南方王的堡壘。 11 南方王必發大怒，出來和北方王交戰；北方王必擺列大軍，但這大軍必交在南方王的手裡。 12 這大軍被掃除以後，南方王就心高氣傲；他雖然使千萬人倒斃，他的勝利卻不能持久。 13 北方王必再招聚大軍，比先前的更多；時機成熟的時候（“時機成熟的時候”直譯是“過了一些時候，一些年”），他就率領裝備好了的大軍而來。

14 “那時，必有許多人起來攻擊南方王，並且你同胞中的強暴人必挺身而起，要使那異象應驗，但他們必失敗。 15 北方王必來，堆土築壘攻取堅固城。南方的軍力必抵擋不住，甚至精銳的部隊也無力抵抗。 16 那來攻擊南方王的，必任意而行；沒有人能在他面前站立得住；他必站在那榮美之地，手握毀壞之權。 17 他決意傾全國的力量而來，但他先和南方王修好，把自己的女兒給南方王為妻，好毀滅南國；可是他的計劃沒有成功，他自己也得不到甚麼好處。 18 後來他必轉向沿海的島嶼，奪取了許多海島。但有一個將領要制止他的驕橫，並且使他的驕橫歸回他身上。 19 於是他轉向自己國中的堡壘，終於絆跌仆倒，不再存在了。

20 “那時，必有一個人興起來代替他；這人要派一個橫征暴斂的人，為了王國的榮華，走遍全地；可是不多幾日，這人就必被毀滅，不是因為忿怒，也不是因為戰爭。 21 必另有一個卑鄙的人興起來代替他；雖然人未曾把王國的尊榮給這人，這人卻乘人不備的時候來到，用奉承的話奪得了王國。 22 必有無數的軍兵在他面前像洪水沖沒，並且潰敗；立約的君也必這樣。 23 他結盟以後，就必行詭詐；他雖然只有少數的國民，卻漸漸強盛起來。 24 他必乘人不備的時候，侵入省內最富庶的地區，行他列祖和他列祖的祖先所未曾行過的；他把擄掠之物和財物分給自己的部屬；又必設下計謀攻打堡壘，只是這都是暫時的。 25 他必竭盡己力，鼓起勇氣，率領大軍攻擊南方王；南方王也必帶領極強大的軍隊奮起還擊，卻抵擋不住，因為有人設下計謀陷害南方王。 26 那些吃王膳的必毀滅他；他的軍隊必被沖沒，受重傷而倒斃的很多。 27 至於那兩個王，他們都存心不良；他們同桌吃飯，也彼此說謊；他們的陰謀卻不成功，因為要到了指定的時候，結局才會來到。

北方王廢棄聖約

28 “北方王必帶著大批財物返回自己的國土去；他的心既然反對聖約，必任意而行，然後返回自己的國土去。

29 “到了指定的時候，他必回來，再侵入南方的王國，不過這次的情況卻不像前一次。 30 因為基提的戰船必來攻擊他，他就喪膽而回；他又惱恨聖約，任意而行；他必回來，聽取那些背棄聖約的人的建議。 31 他的軍隊必起來，褻瀆聖殿，就是那堡壘，廢除常獻祭，又在殿裡設立了那使地荒涼的可憎的像。 32 那些作惡違背聖約的人，他必用奉承的話敗壞他們；但認識　神的人民，必剛強行事。 33 民中的智慧人必使許多人明白是非；但他們必有很多日子倒在刀劍之下，或被火燒，或被擄去，或被搶掠。 34 他們仆倒的時候，必得到一些援助，必有許多人用奉承的話要和他們聯盟。 35 智慧人中有些仆倒的，為要鍛煉他們，潔淨他們，使他們成為雪白，直到末了，因為要到了指定的時候，結局才會來到。

36 “那王必任意而行，自高自大，超過所有的神，又說一些怪誕的話攻擊萬神之　神。他必行事順利，直到　神的忿怒完畢；因為所定的事必會實現。 37 他必不尊重他列祖所拜的神，也不尊重婦女所愛慕的神，無論甚麼神他都不尊重，因為他必自大，高過一切。 38 他倒要敬拜堡壘的神，用金銀寶石和各樣珍寶去敬拜他列祖所不認識的神。 39 他必得著外族神的幫助，攻破堅固的堡壘；凡承認他的，他必使他們大得尊榮，又使他們管轄許多人，並且把土地分給他們作賞賜。

40 “到了末期，南方王要和他交戰；北方王必帶著戰車、騎兵和大批戰船，像暴風一般來到他那裡；他必侵入列國，如洪水氾濫，橫掃而過。 41 他也必侵入那榮美之地；必有許多國傾覆；但那些以東人、摩押人和亞捫人的首領，必被拯救脫離他的手。 42 他必伸手攻擊列國，埃及地也不能逃脫。 43 他必掌管埃及的金銀寶藏和一切珍寶；呂彼亞人和古實人都必追隨他。 44 但從東方和北方必有消息傳來，使他驚惶，他就在烈怒之下出兵，要把許多人殺盡滅絕。 45 他必在海和榮美的聖山之間支搭如宮殿一般的帳幕；然而他們的結局來到，必沒有人能幫助他。”

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但以理书 11
Chinese Contemporary Bible (Simplified)

11 “玛代人大流士元年，我去帮助、护卫米迦勒。 2 现在我要把真相告诉你。波斯将再有三位王兴起，随后的第四位王远比其他王富有。他靠财富强盛后，便会煽动众民去攻打希腊国。 3 那时必有一位英勇的王兴起，执掌大权，随心所欲。 4 但他兴起后不久，他的国必土崩瓦解，在天下一分为四，既不归他的后代统治，也不如他掌权时强盛。因为他的国必被连根拔除，归给外人。

5 “南方王必强盛，他的将领中将有一位比他更强盛，这人执掌王权，势力强大。 6 若干年后，南方王将与北方王联盟。南方王的女儿将到北方王那里缔结盟约。但她必保不住自己的势力，王权也无法长久。她和她的随从、父亲和辅佐者必遭杀害。

7 “她家族中必有一人继承王位，率军攻打北方王，侵入他们的堡垒，击败他们， 8 将他们的神像、铸造的偶像及金银宝器掳到埃及。此后数年，他不再去攻击北方王。 9 后来，北方王必侵入南方王的国土，但终必撤回本国。

10 “北方王的儿子们必发动战争，召集大军，如洪水席卷而来，直打到南方王的堡垒。 11 南方王必大怒，出来迎战北方王的大军，并击败他们。 12 南方王获胜后必心高气傲，杀戮成千上万的人，但他的胜利不能持久。 13 因为数年后，北方王必召集更庞大的军队，带着大量装备卷土重来。

14 “那时，许多人必起来反抗南方王。你同胞中的残暴之徒也必反叛，从而使异象应验，但他们必失败。 15 北方王必修筑高台攻取南方王的坚城，南方的军兵必无力抵挡，就是精兵也抵挡不住。 16 北方王必为所欲为，所向无敌。他必侵占佳美之地，手握毁灭之权。 17 他决意倾全国之力而来，与南方王建立联盟，并将自己的女儿嫁给南方王，旨在推翻他的国。但北方王的计划必然失败，毫无收益。

18 “后来，他将转而攻打沿海地区，征服许多地方。但一位将领必制止他的嚣张气焰，使他自取其辱。 19 他将返回本国的堡垒，从此一蹶不振，销声匿迹。 20 继承他王位的人将派税吏横征暴敛，以维持王国的荣耀。但不久他必灭亡，并非死于民怨，也非死于战争。

21 “接着继位的是一个卑鄙的人。他无权继位，却乘人不备用奸计夺取王位。 22 他横扫千军，击溃他们，包括盟国的王。 23 他与人结盟后，必行欺诈，借不多的人掌握大权。 24 他必乘人不备入侵最富庶的地区，行他祖先从未行过的事，将掳掠的财物分给部下，并策划攻打堡垒，但这都是短暂的。 25 他集中力量，鼓起勇气，率领大军进攻南方王。南方王也率领强大的军队迎战，却敌不过他，因为有人暗算南方王。 26 南方王必遭亲信暗算，全军溃败，许多人被杀。 27 两个王心怀叵测，同席而坐，尔虞我诈，但都不成功，因为结局必在所定的时间到来。 28 北方王必带着大量财物回国，但他决意反对圣约，在回国的路上任意妄为。

29 “到了所定的时间，他必再次攻打南方，但结果与上次不同， 30 因为基提的战船必来攻击他，使他丧胆而回。他必向圣约之民发泄愤怒，任意妄为，支持背弃圣约的人。 31 他的军队必亵渎圣地，亵渎那堡垒，废除日常献的祭，设立带来毁灭的可憎之物。 32 他必花言巧语笼络违背圣约的人，但认识上帝的人必奋起反抗。 33 那些智者必教导许多民众，但他们将在一段时间内被刀剑杀戮，或被烧死，或被掳去，或被抢掠。 34 他们败亡时必得不到多少援助，许多人并非真心实意地加入他们的行列。 35 有些智者将被害，但这是为了熬炼、净化他们，使他们洁白无瑕，一直到末了。因为结局必在所定的时间到来。

36 “北方王必任意妄为，自高自大，自以为超越一切神明，肆意诋毁万神之神。他必亨通，一直到上帝发烈怒的日子结束。因为所定的必然成就。 37 他不尊崇他祖先的神明，也不尊崇妇女们爱慕的神明或其他任何神明，因为他自认为超越一切。 38 他反倒祭拜他祖先不认识的堡垒之神，向它献上金银宝石及贵重的礼物。 39 他必靠外族神明的帮助攻打坚固的堡垒，将尊荣赐给顺从他的人，派他们治理民众，分给他们土地作奖赏。

40 “到了末后，南方王必与北方王交战。北方王必率领战车、骑兵和大批战船攻击他，又如洪水般横扫列国。 41 他必侵入佳美之地，杀死成千上万的人，只有以东、摩押及亚扪人的首领得以逃脱。 42 他必攻击列国，埃及也无法幸免。 43 他必掌管埃及的金银财宝，利比亚人和古实人必归顺他。 44 但从东方和北方传来的消息必令他震惊，他必大怒，出兵杀戮、毁灭许多人。 45 他必在海和荣美的圣山之间搭起他宫殿般的帐幕。但他必灭亡，无人相助。

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Daniel 11
Complete Jewish Bible

11 however, I was already standing up to support and help Daryavesh the Mede in the first year of his reign. 2 What I am going to tell you now is true.

“Three kings will arise in Persia, followed by a fourth, who will be far wealthier than all of them; and when he has grown strong by means of his wealth, he will stir up everyone against the kingdom of Greece.

3 “Then a powerful king will appear who will rule a vast kingdom and do whatever he pleases. 4 But once he appears, his kingdom will be broken up and divided to the four winds of heaven. It won’t be inherited by his descendants, and it won’t be ruled with the power he had, because his kingship will be uprooted and will pass to others than his own posterity.

5 “The king in the south will be strong, and one of his princes will gain power over him and have dominion; his domain will be a great dominion. 6 After a number of years they will form an alliance. The daughter of the king of the south will approach the king of the north to make an agreement, but she won’t retain her power; and he and his power won’t last either. Rather, she will be surrendered, along with her attendants, her father and the one who supported her during those times. 7 But another branch from the same roots as hers will appear in her father’s place. He will attack the army of the king of the north, enter his fortress and succeed in conquering them. 8 He will also carry off as booty to Egypt their gods, their cast metal images and their valuable gold and silver vessels. Then for some years, he will refrain from attacking the king of the north.

9 “Afterwards, the king of the north will invade the kingdom of the king of the south, but he will retire to his own land. 10 His sons will rouse themselves to muster a large and powerful army, which will advance like a flood passing through. In another campaign, it will march on the enemy stronghold. 11 The king of the south, enraged, will set out to do battle with the king of the north, who, in turn, will muster a large army; but this army will be defeated by his enemy 12 and carried off. The conqueror will grow proud as he slaughters tens of thousands, yet he will not prevail. 13 Rather, the king of the north will again muster an army, larger than the first one, at the end of this period, after a number of years; it will be a large, well-supplied army. 14 Those will be times in which many will resist the king of the south; and the more violent ones among your own people will rebel in order to fulfill their vision; but they will fail.

15 “Then the king of the north will come, set up siege-works and capture a fortified city; the forces of the south will be insufficient defense, even his elite troops will not be strong enough to resist. 16 The invader will do as he pleases; no one will be able to withstand him. So he will establish himself in the Land of Glory, and he will have the power to destroy it. 17 He will determinedly advance with the full force of his kingdom, but he will make an agreement with the king of the south and give him a daughter in marriage. His object will be to destroy him, but the agreement will not last or work out in his favor. 18 Next, he will put his attention on the coastlands and islands and capture many, but an army commander will put a stop to his outrages and cause his outrages to come back upon him. 19 After this, he will put his attention on the strongholds in his own land; but he will stumble, fall and not be seen again.

20 “In his place will arise one who will send a tax collector through the Glorious Kingdom; but within a few days, he will be broken, though neither in anger nor in battle.

21 “There will arise in his place a despicable man not entitled to inherit the majesty of the kingdom, but he will come without warning and gain the kingdom by intrigue. 22 Large armies will be broken and swept away before him, as well as the prince of the covenant. 23 Alliances will be made with him, but he will undermine them by deceit. Then, although he will have but a small following, he will emerge and become strong. 24 Without warning, he will assail the most powerful men in each province and do things his predecessors never did, either recently or in the distant past; he will reward them with plunder, spoil and wealth while devising plots against their strongholds, but only for a time.

25 “He will summon his power and courage against the king of the south with a great army, and the king of the south will fight back with a very large and powerful army; but he will not succeed, because of plots devised against him. 26 Yes, those who shared his food will destroy him; his army will be swept away; and many will fall in the slaughter. 27 These two kings, bent on mischief, will sit at the same table, speaking lies to each other; but none of this will succeed; because the appointed end will not have come yet. 28 Then the king of the north will return to his own land with great wealth; with his heart set against the holy covenant, he will take action and then return home.

29 “At the time designated, he will come back to the south. But this time, things will turn out differently than before; 30 because ships from Kittim will come against him, so that his courage will fail him. Then, in retreat, he will take furious action against the holy covenant, again showing favor to those who abandon the holy covenant. 31 Armed forces will come at his order and profane the sanctuary and fortress. They will abolish the daily burnt offering and set up the abomination that causes desolation. 32 Those who act wickedly against the covenant he will corrupt with his blandishments, but the people who know their God will stand firm and prevail. 33 Those among the people who have discernment will cause the rest of the people to understand what is happening; nevertheless, for a while they will fall victim to sword, fire, exile and pillage. 34 When they stumble, they will receive a little help, although many who join them will be insincere. 35 Even some of those with discernment will stumble, so that some of them will be refined, purified and cleansed for an end yet to come at the designated time.

36 “The king will do as he pleases. He will exalt himself and consider himself greater than any god, and he will utter monstrous blasphemies against the God of gods. He will prosper only until the period of wrath is over, for what has been determined must take place. 37 He will show no respect for the gods his ancestors worshipped, or for the god women worship — he won’t show respect for any god, because he will consider himself greater than all of them. 38 But instead, he will honor the god of strongholds; with gold, silver, precious stones and other costly things he will honor a god unknown to his ancestors. 39 He will deal with the strongest fortresses with the help of a foreign god. He will confer honor on those he acknowledges, causing them to rule over many and distributing land as a reward.

40 “When the time for the end comes, the king of the south will push at him; while the king of the north will attack him like a whirlwind, with chariots, cavalry and a large navy. He will invade countries, overrun them and move on. 41 He will also enter the Land of Glory, and many [countries] will come to grief, but these will be saved from his power — Edom, Mo’av and the people of ‘Amon. 42 He will reach out his hand to seize other countries too. The land of Egypt will not escape — 43 he will control the treasures of gold and silver, as well as everything else in Egypt of value. Put and Ethiopia will be subject to him. 44 However, news from the east and north will frighten him, so that he moves out in great fury to ruin and completely do away with many. 45 Finally, when he pitches the tents of his palace between the seas and the mountain of the holy Glory, he will come to his end, with no one to help him.

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Daniel 11
New English Translation

11 And in the first year of Darius the Mede, I[a] stood to strengthen him and to provide protection for him.) 2 Now I will tell you the truth.

The Angel Gives a Message to Daniel

“Three[b] more kings will arise for Persia. Then a fourth[c] king will be unusually rich,[d] more so than all who preceded him. When he has amassed power through his riches, he will stir up everyone against[e] the kingdom of Greece. 3 Then a powerful king[f] will arise, exercising great authority and doing as he pleases. 4 Shortly after his rise to power,[g] his kingdom will be broken up and distributed toward the four winds of the sky[h]—but not to his posterity or with the authority he exercised, for his kingdom will be uprooted and distributed to others besides these.

5 “Then the king of the south[i] and one of his subordinates[j] will grow strong. His subordinate[k] will resist[l] him and will rule a kingdom greater than his.[m] 6 After some years have passed, they[n] will form an alliance. Then the daughter[o] of the king of the south will come to the king of the north to make an agreement, but she will not retain her power,[p] nor will he continue[q] in his strength.[r] She, together with the one who brought her, her child,[s] and her benefactor will all be delivered over at that time.[t]

7 “There will arise in his[u] place one from her family line[v] who will come against their army and will enter the stronghold of the king of the north and will move against them successfully.[w] 8 He will also take their gods into captivity to Egypt, along with their cast images and prized utensils of silver and gold. Then he will withdraw for some years from[x] the king of the north. 9 Then the king of the north[y] will advance against the empire of the king of the south, but will withdraw to his own land. 10 His sons[z] will wage war, mustering a large army that will advance like an overflowing river and carrying the battle all the way to the enemy’s[aa] fortress.[ab]

11 “Then the king of the south[ac] will be enraged and will march out to fight against the king of the north, who will also muster a large army, but that army will be delivered into his hand. 12 When the army is taken away, the king of the south will become arrogant.[ad] He will be responsible for the death[ae] of thousands and thousands of people,[af] but he will not continue to prevail. 13 For the king of the north will again muster an army, one larger than before. At the end of some years he will advance with a huge army and enormous supplies.

14 “In those times many will oppose[ag] the king of the south.[ah] Those who are violent[ai] among your own people will rise up in confirmation of[aj] the vision, but they will falter. 15 Then the king of the north will advance and will build siege mounds and capture a well-fortified city.[ak] The forces of the south will not prevail, not even his finest contingents.[al] They will have no strength to prevail. 16 The one advancing against him will do as he pleases, and no one will be able to stand before him. He will prevail in the beautiful land, and its annihilation will be within his power.[am] 17 His intention[an] will be to come with the strength of his entire kingdom, and he will form alliances.[ao] He will give the king of the south[ap] a daughter[aq] in marriage in order to destroy the kingdom, but it will not turn out to his advantage. 18 Then he will turn his attention[ar] to the coastal regions and will capture many of them. But a commander[as] will bring his shameful conduct to a halt; in addition,[at] he will make him pay for his shameful conduct.[au] 19 He will then turn his attention to the fortresses of his own land, but he will stumble and fall, not to be found again. 20 There will arise after him[av] one[aw] who will send out an exactor[ax] of tribute to enhance the splendor of the kingdom, but after a few days he will be destroyed,[ay] though not in anger or battle.

21 “Then there will arise in his place a despicable person[az] to whom the royal honor has not been rightfully conferred. He will come on the scene in a time of prosperity and will seize the kingdom through deceit. 22 Armies[ba] will be suddenly[bb] swept away in defeat[bc] before him; both they and a covenant leader[bd] will be destroyed.[be] 23 After[bf] entering into an alliance with him, he will behave treacherously; he will ascend to power with only a small force.[bg] 24 In a time of prosperity for the most productive areas of the province he will come and accomplish what neither his fathers nor their fathers accomplished. He will distribute loot, spoils, and property to his followers, and he will devise plans against fortified cities, but not for long.[bh] 25 He will rouse his strength and enthusiasm[bi] against the king of the south[bj] with a large army. The king of the south will wage war with a large and very powerful army, but he will not be able to prevail because of the plans devised against him. 26 Those who share the king’s fine food will attempt to destroy him, and his army will be swept away;[bk] many will be killed in battle. 27 These two kings, their minds[bl] filled with evil intentions, will trade[bm] lies with one another at the same table. But it will not succeed, for there is still an end at the appointed time. 28 Then the king of the north[bn] will return to his own land with much property. His mind will be set against the holy covenant. He will take action, and then return to his own land. 29 At an appointed time he will again invade the south, but this latter visit will not turn out the way the former one did. 30 The ships of Kittim[bo] will come against him, leaving him disheartened.[bp] He will turn back and direct his indignation against the holy covenant. He will return and honor[bq] those who forsake the holy covenant. 31 His forces[br] will rise up and profane the fortified sanctuary,[bs] stopping the daily sacrifice. In its place they will set up[bt] the abomination that causes desolation. 32 Then with smooth words he will defile[bu] those who have rejected[bv] the covenant. But the people who are loyal to[bw] their God will act valiantly.[bx] 33 These who are wise among the people will teach the masses.[by] However, they will fall[bz] by the sword and by the flame,[ca] and they will be imprisoned and plundered for some time.[cb] 34 When they stumble, they will be granted some help. But many will unite with them deceitfully. 35 Even some of the wise will stumble, resulting in their refinement, purification, and cleansing until the time of the end, for it is still for the appointed time.

36 “Then the king[cc] will do as he pleases. He will exalt and magnify himself above every deity and he will utter presumptuous things against the God of gods. He will succeed until the time of[cd] wrath is completed, for what has been decreed must occur.[ce] 37 He will not respect[cf] the gods of his fathers—not even the god loved by women.[cg] He will not respect any god; he will elevate himself above them all. 38 What he will honor is a god of fortresses—a god his fathers did not acknowledge he will honor with gold, silver, valuable stones, and treasured commodities. 39 He will attack[ch] mighty fortresses, aided by[ci] a foreign deity. To those who recognize him he will grant considerable honor. He will place them in authority over many people, and he will parcel out land for a price.[cj]

40 “At the time of the end the king of the south will attack[ck] him. Then the king of the north will storm against him[cl] with chariots, horsemen, and a large armada of ships.[cm] He[cn] will invade lands, passing through them like an overflowing river.[co] 41 Then he will enter the beautiful land.[cp] Many[cq] will fall, but these will escape:[cr] Edom, Moab, and the Ammonite leadership. 42 He will extend his power[cs] against other lands; the land of Egypt will not escape. 43 He will have control over the hidden stores of gold and silver, as well as all the treasures of Egypt. Libyans and Ethiopians[ct] will submit to him.[cu] 44 But reports will trouble him from the east and north, and he will set out in a tremendous rage to destroy and wipe out many. 45 He will pitch his royal tents between the seas[cv] toward the beautiful holy mountain. But he will come to his end, with no one to help him.

Footnotes

  1. Daniel 11:1 sn The antecedent of the pronoun “I” is the angel, not Daniel. The traditional chapter division at this point, and the presence of a chronological note in the verse similar to ones used elsewhere in the book to position Daniel’s activities in relation to imperial affairs, sometimes lead to confusion on this matter.
  2. Daniel 11:2 sn Perhaps these three more kings are Cambyses (ca. 530-522 b.c.), Pseudo-Smerdis (ca. 522 b.c.), and Darius I Hystaspes (ca. 522-486 b.c.).
  3. Daniel 11:2 sn This fourth king is Xerxes I (ca. 486-465 b.c.).
  4. Daniel 11:2 tn Heb “rich with great riches.”
  5. Daniel 11:2 tn Or “All [of it] will arouse the kingdom of Greece.” The text is difficult. The text is traditionally taken to have the fourth king as the subject of the verb, making the relationship between הַכֹּל (hakkol, “all, the whole, everyone, everything”) and the kingdom of Greece difficult. Presumably “everyone” is the direct object, but the “kingdom” has the direct object marker אֶת (ʾet). This is very unlikely to be the preposition אֶת (ʾet, “with”) because the verb עוּר (ʿur, “to arouse”) uses the preposition עַל (ʿal) to mean “stir up against.” Nevertheless the meaning “against” is typically supplied or assumed from context. An alternative is to take הַכֹּל as the subject, meaning “all of it,” that is the power and wealth, will arouse [the interest] of the kingdom of Greece. This makes sense of the articular use of הַכֹּל, the parsing of the verb, and the direct object indicator, and also fits the context where in the next verse the Greek king rises up.
  6. Daniel 11:3 sn The powerful king mentioned here is Alexander the Great (ca. 336-323 b.c.).
  7. Daniel 11:4 tn Heb “and when he stands.”
  8. Daniel 11:4 tn Or “the heavens.” The Hebrew term שָׁמַיִם (shamayim) may be translated “heavens” or “sky” depending on the context.
  9. Daniel 11:5 sn The king of the south is Ptolemy I Soter (ca. 323-285 b.c.). The following reference to one of his subordinates apparently has in view Seleucus I Nicator (ca. 311-280 b.c.). Throughout the remainder of chap. 11 the expressions “king of the south” and “king of the north” repeatedly occur. It is clear, however, that these terms are being used generically to describe the Ptolemaic king (i.e., “of the south”) or the Seleucid king (i.e., “of the north”) who happens to be in power at any particular time. The specific identity of these kings can be established more or less successfully by a comparison of this chapter with the available extra-biblical records that discuss the history of the intertestamental period. In the following notes the generally accepted identifications are briefly mentioned.
  10. Daniel 11:5 tn Heb “princes.”
  11. Daniel 11:5 tn Heb “and he”; the referent (the subordinate prince mentioned in the previous clause) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  12. Daniel 11:5 tn Heb “be strong against.”
  13. Daniel 11:5 tn Heb “greater than his kingdom.”
  14. Daniel 11:6 sn Here they refers to Ptolemy II Philadelphus (ca. 285-246 b.c.) and Antiochus II Theos (ca. 262-246 b.c.).
  15. Daniel 11:6 sn The daughter refers to Berenice, who was given in marriage to Antiochus II Theos.
  16. Daniel 11:6 tn Heb “the strength of the arm.”
  17. Daniel 11:6 tn Heb “stand,” as also in vv. 7, 8, 11, 13.
  18. Daniel 11:6 tn Heb “and his arm.” Some understand this to refer to the descendants of the king of the north.
  19. Daniel 11:6 tc The present translation reads יַלְדָּה (yaldah, “her child”) rather than the MT יֹלְדָהּ (yoledah, “the one who begot her”). Cf. Theodotion, the Syriac, and the Vulgate.
  20. Daniel 11:6 sn Antiochus II eventually divorced Berenice and remarried his former wife Laodice, who then poisoned her husband, had Berenice put to death, and installed her own son, Seleucus II Callinicus (ca. 246-227 b.c.), as the Seleucid king.
  21. Daniel 11:7 sn The reference is to the king of Egypt.
  22. Daniel 11:7 tn Heb “the stock of her roots.”sn The reference to one from her family line is probably to Berenice’s brother, Ptolemy III Euergetes (ca. 246-221 b.c.).
  23. Daniel 11:7 tn Heb “will deal with them and prevail.”
  24. Daniel 11:8 tn The Hebrew preposition מִן (min) is used here with the verb עָמַד (ʿamad, “to stand”). It probably has a sense of separation (“stand away from”), although it may also be understood in an adversative sense (“stand against”).
  25. Daniel 11:9 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the king of the north) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  26. Daniel 11:10 sn The sons of Seleucus II Callinicus were Seleucus III Ceraunus (ca. 227-223 b.c.) and Antiochus III the Great (ca. 223-187 b.c.).
  27. Daniel 11:10 tn Heb “his”; the referent (the enemy of the king of the north) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  28. Daniel 11:10 tn Heb “and he will certainly come and overflow and cross over and return and be aroused unto a fortress.” The translation has attempted to simplify the syntax of this difficult sequence.
  29. Daniel 11:11 sn This king of the south refers to Ptolemy IV Philopator (ca. 221-204 b.c.).
  30. Daniel 11:12 tn Heb “his heart will be lifted up.” The referent (the king of the south) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  31. Daniel 11:12 tn Heb “cause to fall.”
  32. Daniel 11:12 tn Heb “of myriads.”
  33. Daniel 11:14 tn Heb “stand against.”
  34. Daniel 11:14 sn This was Ptolemy V Epiphanes (ca. 203-181 b.c.).
  35. Daniel 11:14 tn Heb “sons of violence.” “Son(s)” is sometimes used idiomatically in Hebrew to indicate that someone is characterized by a certain quality. So the expression “sons of violence” means that these individuals will be characterized by violent deeds.
  36. Daniel 11:14 tn Heb “to cause to stand.”
  37. Daniel 11:15 sn This well-fortified city is apparently Sidon. Its capture from the Ptolemies by Antiochus the Great was a strategic victory for the Seleucid kingdom.
  38. Daniel 11:15 tn Or “choice troops” (BDB 104 s.v. מִבְחָר), or “elite troops” (HALOT 542 s.v. מִבְחָר).
  39. Daniel 11:16 tn Heb “hand.”
  40. Daniel 11:17 tn Heb “and he will set his face” (cf. vv. 18, 19).
  41. Daniel 11:17 tc The present translation reads מֵישָׁרִים (mesharim, “alliances”) for the MT וִישָׁרִים (viysharim, “uprightness”).
  42. Daniel 11:17 tn Heb “him”; the referent (the king of the south) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  43. Daniel 11:17 tn Heb “the daughter of the women.”sn The daughter refers to Cleopatra, the daughter of Antiochus, who was given in marriage to Ptolemy V.
  44. Daniel 11:18 tn Heb “his face,” as also in v. 19.
  45. Daniel 11:18 sn The commander is probably the Roman commander, Lucius Cornelius Scipio.
  46. Daniel 11:18 tn The Hebrew here is difficult in that the negative בִּלְתִּי (bilti, “not”) is used in an unusual way. The sense is not entirely clear.
  47. Daniel 11:18 tn Heb “his shameful conduct he will return to him.”
  48. Daniel 11:20 tn Heb “on his place.”
  49. Daniel 11:20 sn The one who will send out an exactor of tribute was Seleucus IV Philopator (ca. 187-176 b.c.).
  50. Daniel 11:20 sn Perhaps this exactor of tribute was Heliodorus (cf. 2 Macc 3).
  51. Daniel 11:20 tn Heb “broken” or “shattered.”
  52. Daniel 11:21 sn This despicable person to whom the royal honor has not been rightfully conferred is Antiochus IV Epiphanes (ca. 175-164 b.c.).
  53. Daniel 11:22 tn Heb “arms.”
  54. Daniel 11:22 tc The present translation reads הִשָּׁטֹף (hishatof), Niphal infinitive absolute of שָׁטַף (shataf, “to overflow”), for the MT הַשֶּׁטֶף (hashetef, “flood”).
  55. Daniel 11:22 tn The words “in defeat” are added in the translation for clarification.
  56. Daniel 11:22 tn Heb “a prince of the covenant.”
  57. Daniel 11:22 tn Heb “broken” or “shattered.”
  58. Daniel 11:23 tn The preposition מִן (min) is probably temporal here (so BDB 583 s.v. 7.c; cf. KJV, NAB, NASB, NIV, NRSV), although it could also be understood here as indicating means (so J. Goldingay, Daniel [WBC], 279, n. 23a; cf. TEV, NLT).
  59. Daniel 11:23 tn Heb “nation.”
  60. Daniel 11:24 tn Heb “and unto a time.”
  61. Daniel 11:25 tn Heb “heart.”
  62. Daniel 11:25 sn This king of the south was Ptolemy Philometer (ca. 181-145 b.c.).
  63. Daniel 11:26 tc The present translation reads יִשָׁטֵף (yishatef, passive) rather than the MT יִשְׁטוֹף (yishtof, active).
  64. Daniel 11:27 tn Heb “heart,” as also in v. 28.
  65. Daniel 11:27 tn Heb “speak.”
  66. Daniel 11:28 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the king of the north) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  67. Daniel 11:30 sn The name Kittim has various designations in extra-biblical literature. It can refer to a location on the island of Cyprus, or more generally to the island itself, or it can be an inclusive term to refer to parts of the Mediterranean world that lay west of the Middle East (e.g., Rome). For ships of Kittim the Greek OT (LXX) has “Romans,” an interpretation followed by a few English versions (e.g., TEV). A number of times in the Dead Sea Scrolls the word is used in reference to the Romans. Other English versions are more generic: “[ships] of the western coastlands” (NIV, NLT); “from the west” (NCV, CEV).
  68. Daniel 11:30 sn This is apparently a reference to the Roman forces, led by Gaius Popilius Laenas, which confronted Antiochus when he came to Egypt and demanded that he withdraw or face the wrath of Rome. Antiochus wisely withdrew from Egypt, albeit in a state of bitter frustration.
  69. Daniel 11:30 tn Heb “show regard for.”
  70. Daniel 11:31 tn Heb “arms.”
  71. Daniel 11:31 tn Heb “the sanctuary, the fortress.”
  72. Daniel 11:31 tn Heb “will give.”
  73. Daniel 11:32 tn Or “corrupt.”
  74. Daniel 11:32 tn Heb “acted wickedly toward.”
  75. Daniel 11:32 tn Heb “know.” The term “know” sometimes means “to recognize.” In relational contexts it can have the connotation “recognize the authority of, be loyal to,” as it does here.
  76. Daniel 11:32 sn This is an allusion to the Maccabean revolt, which struggled to bring about Jewish independence in the second century b.c.
  77. Daniel 11:33 tn Heb “the many.”
  78. Daniel 11:33 tn Heb “stumble.”
  79. Daniel 11:33 tn Or “by burning.”
  80. Daniel 11:33 tn Heb “days.”
  81. Daniel 11:36 sn The identity of this king is problematic. If vv. 36-45 continue the description of Antiochus Epiphanes, the account must be viewed as erroneous, since the details do not match what is known of Antiochus’ latter days. Most modern scholars take this view, concluding that this section was written just shortly before the death of Antiochus and that the writer erred on several key points as he tried to predict what would follow the events of his own day. Conservative scholars, however, usually understand the reference to shift at this point to an eschatological figure, viz., the Antichrist. The chronological gap that this would presuppose to be in the narrative is not necessarily a problem, since by all accounts there are many chronological gaps throughout the chapter, as the historical figures intended by such expressions as “king of the north” and “king of the south” repeatedly shift.
  82. Daniel 11:36 tn The words “the time of” are added in the translation for clarification.
  83. Daniel 11:36 tn Heb “has been done.” The Hebrew verb used here is the perfect of certitude, emphasizing the certainty of fulfillment.
  84. Daniel 11:37 tn Heb “consider.”
  85. Daniel 11:37 tn Heb “[the one] desired by women.” The referent has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  86. Daniel 11:39 tn Heb “act against.”
  87. Daniel 11:39 tn Heb “with.”
  88. Daniel 11:39 tn Or perhaps “for a reward.”
  89. Daniel 11:40 tn Heb “engage in thrusting.”
  90. Daniel 11:40 tn The referent of the pronoun is most likely the king of the south, in which case the text describes the king of the north countering the attack of the king of the south.
  91. Daniel 11:40 tn Heb “many ships.”
  92. Daniel 11:40 tn This most likely refers to the king of the north who, in response to the aggression of the king of the south, launches an invasion of the southern regions.
  93. Daniel 11:40 tn Heb “and will overflow and pass over.”
  94. Daniel 11:41 sn The beautiful land is a cryptic reference to the land of Israel.
  95. Daniel 11:41 tn This can be understood as “many people” (cf. NRSV) or “many countries” (cf. NASB, NIV, NLT).
  96. Daniel 11:41 tn Heb “be delivered from his hand.”
  97. Daniel 11:42 tn Heb “hand.”
  98. Daniel 11:43 tn Or “Nubians” (NIV, NCV); Heb “Cushites.”
  99. Daniel 11:43 tn Heb “Libyans and Cushites [will be] at his footsteps.”
  100. Daniel 11:45 sn Presumably seas refers to the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea.
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