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Nueva copia del pacto

34 Luego el Señor le dijo a Moisés: «Talla dos tablas de piedra como las primeras. Escribiré en ellas las mismas palabras que estaban en las que hiciste pedazos. Prepárate para subir al monte Sinaí mañana temprano y presentarte delante de mí en la cima del monte. Nadie puede acompañarte. De hecho, no debe haber nadie en la montaña. Tampoco permitas que los rebaños ni las manadas pasten cerca del monte».

Entonces Moisés talló dos tablas de piedra como las primeras. Temprano en la mañana, subió al monte Sinaí, tal como el Señor le había ordenado, con las dos tablas de piedra en las manos.

Después, el Señor descendió en una nube y se quedó allí con Moisés; y proclamó su propio nombre, Yahveh.[a] El Señor pasó por delante de Moisés proclamando:

«¡Yahveh![b] ¡El Señor!
    ¡El Dios de compasión y misericordia!
Soy lento para enojarme
    y estoy lleno de amor inagotable y fidelidad.
Yo derramo amor inagotable a mil generaciones,[c]
    y perdono la iniquidad, la rebelión y el pecado.
Pero no absuelvo al culpable,
    sino que extiendo los pecados de los padres sobre sus hijos y sus nietos;
toda la familia se ve afectada,
    hasta los hijos de la tercera y cuarta generación».

Al instante Moisés se postró hasta el suelo y adoró. Entonces dijo:

—Oh Señor, si de verdad cuento con tu favor, te ruego que nos acompañes en el viaje. Es cierto que el pueblo es terco y rebelde, pero te pido que perdones nuestra iniquidad y nuestros pecados. Tómanos como tu posesión más preciada.

10 El Señor respondió:

—Escucha, yo hago un pacto contigo en presencia de todo tu pueblo. Realizaré milagros que jamás se han hecho en ningún lugar de la tierra ni en ninguna otra nación. Todos los que te rodean serán testigos del poder del Señor, el imponente despliegue de poder que yo haré por medio de ti. 11 Pero presta atención a todo lo que hoy te ordeno, porque entonces iré delante de ustedes y expulsaré a los amorreos, a los cananeos, a los hititas, a los ferezeos, a los heveos y a los jebuseos.

12 »Ten mucho cuidado de no hacer tratados con los pueblos que viven en la tierra adonde te diriges. Si los haces, seguirás sus malos caminos y quedarás atrapado. 13 En cambio, deberás destruir sus altares paganos, destrozar sus columnas sagradas y derribar los postes dedicados a la diosa Asera. 14 No adores a ningún otro dios, porque el Señor, cuyo nombre es Celoso, es Dios celoso de su relación contigo.

15 »No hagas ningún tipo de tratado con los pueblos que viven en la tierra porque ellos se entregan a pasiones sexuales en pos de sus dioses y les ofrecen sacrificios. Te invitarán a participar con ellos en comer lo que ofrecen en sacrificio, y tú irás con ellos. 16 Acto seguido, aceptarás a sus hijas—quienes hacen sacrificios a otros dioses—como esposas para tus hijos; y ellas seducirán a tus hijos para que cometan adulterio contra mí al rendir culto a otros dioses. 17 No te hagas dioses de metal fundido.

18 »Deberás celebrar el Festival de los Panes sin Levadura. Durante siete días, prepararás sin levadura el pan que comas, tal como yo te ordené. Celebra este festival cada año, en el tiempo señalado, a comienzos de la primavera, en el mes de abib,[d] porque en esa fecha se cumple el aniversario de tu salida de Egipto.

19 »El primer nacido de cada animal me pertenece, incluidos los machos[e] de las primeras crías de tus manadas de ganado y de tus rebaños de ovejas y de cabras. 20 Para recuperar la primera cría de un burro, podrás pagar rescate al Señor entregando como sustituto un cordero o un cabrito; pero si no pagas rescate para recuperarlo, tendrás que quebrarle el cuello al animal. Sin embargo, tienes la obligación de pagar el rescate por todo primer hijo varón.

»Nadie podrá presentarse ante mí sin una ofrenda.

21 »Tienes seis días en la semana para hacer tu trabajo habitual, pero el séptimo día dejarás de trabajar, incluso durante la temporada del arado y de la cosecha.

22 »Deberás celebrar el Festival de la Cosecha,[f] con los primeros frutos de la cosecha del trigo, y celebrar también el Festival de la Cosecha Final[g] cuando termine la temporada de la cosecha. 23 Tres veces al año, todo hombre de Israel deberá presentarse delante del Soberano, el Señor, Dios de Israel. 24 Yo expulsaré a las naciones en tu paso y expandiré tu territorio, para que nadie codicie ni conquiste tu tierra mientras te presentas ante el Señor tu Dios esas tres veces al año.

25 »No ofrezcas la sangre de mis sacrificios con ningún tipo de pan que contenga levadura. Tampoco guardes nada de la carne del sacrificio de la Pascua hasta la mañana siguiente.

26 »Cuando recojas tus cosechas, lleva a la casa del Señor tu Dios lo mejor de la primera cosecha.

»No cocines a un cabrito en la leche de su madre.

27 Después el Señor le dijo a Moisés: «Escribe todas estas instrucciones, porque ellas indican las condiciones del pacto que hago contigo y con Israel».

28 Moisés se quedó en el monte con el Señor durante cuarenta días y cuarenta noches. En todo ese tiempo, no comió pan ni bebió agua. Y el Señor escribió[h] en las tablas de piedra las condiciones del pacto: los diez mandamientos.[i]

29 Cuando Moisés descendió del monte Sinaí con las dos tablas de piedra grabadas con las condiciones del pacto,[j] no se daba cuenta de que su rostro resplandecía porque había hablado con el Señor. 30 Así que, cuando Aarón y el pueblo de Israel vieron el resplandor del rostro de Moisés, tuvieron miedo de acercarse a él.

31 Sin embargo, Moisés llamó a Aarón y a los jefes de la comunidad, les pidió que se acercaran y habló con ellos. 32 Luego, todo el pueblo de Israel se acercó y Moisés les transmitió todas las instrucciones que el Señor le había dado en el monte Sinaí. 33 Cuando Moisés terminó de hablar con ellos, se cubrió el rostro con un velo. 34 Pero cada vez que entraba en la carpa de reunión para hablar con el Señor, se quitaba el velo hasta que salía de ella. Después le transmitía al pueblo las instrucciones que el Señor le daba, 35 y el pueblo de Israel veía el brillante resplandor de su rostro. Así que él volvía a cubrirse el rostro con el velo hasta que entraba nuevamente a hablar con el Señor.

Footnotes

  1. 34:5 Yahveh es una transliteración del nombre propio YHWH, que a veces se traduce «Jehová»; en esta traducción, generalmente, se traduce «el Señor» (notar el uso de versalitas).
  2. 34:6 Ver nota en 34:5.
  3. 34:7 En hebreo a miles.
  4. 34:18 En hebreo en el tiempo señalado, en el mes de abib. En el antiguo calendario lunar hebreo, ese primer mes, por lo general, cae entre marzo y abril.
  5. 34:19 Así aparece en la versión griega; el significado de este término hebreo es incierto.
  6. 34:22a En hebreo Festival de las Semanas; comparar 23:16. Este festival después se denominó el Festival de Pentecostés (ver Hch 2:1). Hoy en día se celebra como Shavuot.
  7. 34:22b O Festival de la Recolección. Este festival después se denominó el Festival de las Enramadas o el Festival de los Tabernáculos (ver Lv 23:33-36). Hoy en día se celebra como Sucot.
  8. 34:28a En hebreo Y él escribió.
  9. 34:28b En hebreo las diez palabras.
  10. 34:29 En hebreo las dos tablas del testimonio; ver nota en 25:16.

The New Stone Tablets

34 The Lord said to Moses, “Chisel out two stone tablets like the first ones,(A) and I will write on them the words that were on the first tablets,(B) which you broke.(C) Be ready in the morning, and then come up on Mount Sinai.(D) Present yourself to me there on top of the mountain. No one is to come with you or be seen anywhere on the mountain;(E) not even the flocks and herds may graze in front of the mountain.”

So Moses chiseled(F) out two stone tablets like the first ones and went up Mount Sinai early in the morning, as the Lord had commanded him; and he carried the two stone tablets in his hands.(G) Then the Lord came down in the cloud(H) and stood there with him and proclaimed his name, the Lord.(I) And he passed in front of Moses, proclaiming, “The Lord, the Lord, the compassionate(J) and gracious God, slow to anger,(K) abounding in love(L) and faithfulness,(M) maintaining love to thousands,(N) and forgiving wickedness, rebellion and sin.(O) Yet he does not leave the guilty unpunished;(P) he punishes the children and their children for the sin of the parents to the third and fourth generation.”(Q)

Moses bowed to the ground at once and worshiped. “Lord,” he said, “if I have found favor(R) in your eyes, then let the Lord go with us.(S) Although this is a stiff-necked(T) people, forgive our wickedness and our sin,(U) and take us as your inheritance.”(V)

10 Then the Lord said: “I am making a covenant(W) with you. Before all your people I will do wonders(X) never before done in any nation in all the world.(Y) The people you live among will see how awesome is the work that I, the Lord, will do for you. 11 Obey what I command(Z) you today. I will drive out before you the Amorites, Canaanites, Hittites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites.(AA) 12 Be careful not to make a treaty(AB) with those who live in the land where you are going, or they will be a snare(AC) among you. 13 Break down their altars, smash their sacred stones and cut down their Asherah poles.[a](AD) 14 Do not worship any other god,(AE) for the Lord, whose name(AF) is Jealous, is a jealous God.(AG)

15 “Be careful not to make a treaty(AH) with those who live in the land; for when they prostitute(AI) themselves to their gods and sacrifice to them, they will invite you and you will eat their sacrifices.(AJ) 16 And when you choose some of their daughters as wives(AK) for your sons and those daughters prostitute themselves to their gods,(AL) they will lead your sons to do the same.

17 “Do not make any idols.(AM)

18 “Celebrate the Festival of Unleavened Bread.(AN) For seven days eat bread made without yeast,(AO) as I commanded you. Do this at the appointed time in the month of Aviv,(AP) for in that month you came out of Egypt.

19 “The first offspring(AQ) of every womb belongs to me, including all the firstborn males of your livestock, whether from herd or flock. 20 Redeem the firstborn donkey with a lamb, but if you do not redeem it, break its neck.(AR) Redeem all your firstborn sons.(AS)

“No one is to appear before me empty-handed.(AT)

21 “Six days you shall labor, but on the seventh day you shall rest;(AU) even during the plowing season and harvest(AV) you must rest.

22 “Celebrate the Festival of Weeks with the firstfruits(AW) of the wheat harvest, and the Festival of Ingathering(AX) at the turn of the year.[b] 23 Three times(AY) a year all your men are to appear before the Sovereign Lord, the God of Israel. 24 I will drive out nations(AZ) before you and enlarge your territory,(BA) and no one will covet your land when you go up three times each year to appear before the Lord your God.

25 “Do not offer the blood of a sacrifice to me along with anything containing yeast,(BB) and do not let any of the sacrifice from the Passover Festival remain until morning.(BC)

26 “Bring the best of the firstfruits(BD) of your soil to the house of the Lord your God.

“Do not cook a young goat in its mother’s milk.”(BE)

27 Then the Lord said to Moses, “Write(BF) down these words, for in accordance with these words I have made a covenant(BG) with you and with Israel.” 28 Moses was there with the Lord forty days and forty nights(BH) without eating bread or drinking water.(BI) And he wrote on the tablets(BJ) the words of the covenant—the Ten Commandments.(BK)

The Radiant Face of Moses

29 When Moses came down from Mount Sinai(BL) with the two tablets of the covenant law in his hands,(BM) he was not aware that his face was radiant(BN) because he had spoken with the Lord. 30 When Aaron and all the Israelites saw Moses, his face was radiant, and they were afraid to come near him. 31 But Moses called to them; so Aaron and all the leaders of the community(BO) came back to him, and he spoke to them. 32 Afterward all the Israelites came near him, and he gave them all the commands(BP) the Lord had given him on Mount Sinai.

33 When Moses finished speaking to them, he put a veil(BQ) over his face. 34 But whenever he entered the Lord’s presence to speak with him, he removed the veil until he came out. And when he came out and told the Israelites what he had been commanded, 35 they saw that his face was radiant.(BR) Then Moses would put the veil back over his face until he went in to speak with the Lord.

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 34:13 That is, wooden symbols of the goddess Asherah
  2. Exodus 34:22 That is, in the autumn

34 And the Lord said unto Moses, Hew thee two tables of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tables the words that were in the first tables, which thou brakest.

And be ready in the morning, and come up in the morning unto mount Sinai, and present thyself there to me in the top of the mount.

And no man shall come up with thee, neither let any man be seen throughout all the mount; neither let the flocks nor herds feed before that mount.

And he hewed two tables of stone like unto the first; and Moses rose up early in the morning, and went up unto mount Sinai, as the Lord had commanded him, and took in his hand the two tables of stone.

And the Lord descended in the cloud, and stood with him there, and proclaimed the name of the Lord.

And the Lord passed by before him, and proclaimed, The Lord, The Lord God, merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and abundant in goodness and truth,

Keeping mercy for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, and that will by no means clear the guilty; visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children, and upon the children's children, unto the third and to the fourth generation.

And Moses made haste, and bowed his head toward the earth, and worshipped.

And he said, If now I have found grace in thy sight, O Lord, let my Lord, I pray thee, go among us; for it is a stiffnecked people; and pardon our iniquity and our sin, and take us for thine inheritance.

10 And he said, Behold, I make a covenant: before all thy people I will do marvels, such as have not been done in all the earth, nor in any nation: and all the people among which thou art shall see the work of the Lord: for it is a terrible thing that I will do with thee.

11 Observe thou that which I command thee this day: behold, I drive out before thee the Amorite, and the Canaanite, and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, and the Hivite, and the Jebusite.

12 Take heed to thyself, lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land whither thou goest, lest it be for a snare in the midst of thee:

13 But ye shall destroy their altars, break their images, and cut down their groves:

14 For thou shalt worship no other god: for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God:

15 Lest thou make a covenant with the inhabitants of the land, and they go a whoring after their gods, and do sacrifice unto their gods, and one call thee, and thou eat of his sacrifice;

16 And thou take of their daughters unto thy sons, and their daughters go a whoring after their gods, and make thy sons go a whoring after their gods.

17 Thou shalt make thee no molten gods.

18 The feast of unleavened bread shalt thou keep. Seven days thou shalt eat unleavened bread, as I commanded thee, in the time of the month Abib: for in the month Abib thou camest out from Egypt.

19 All that openeth the matrix is mine; and every firstling among thy cattle, whether ox or sheep, that is male.

20 But the firstling of an ass thou shalt redeem with a lamb: and if thou redeem him not, then shalt thou break his neck. All the firstborn of thy sons thou shalt redeem. And none shall appear before me empty.

21 Six days thou shalt work, but on the seventh day thou shalt rest: in earing time and in harvest thou shalt rest.

22 And thou shalt observe the feast of weeks, of the firstfruits of wheat harvest, and the feast of ingathering at the year's end.

23 Thrice in the year shall all your menchildren appear before the Lord God, the God of Israel.

24 For I will cast out the nations before thee, and enlarge thy borders: neither shall any man desire thy land, when thou shalt go up to appear before the Lord thy God thrice in the year.

25 Thou shalt not offer the blood of my sacrifice with leaven; neither shall the sacrifice of the feast of the passover be left unto the morning.

26 The first of the firstfruits of thy land thou shalt bring unto the house of the Lord thy God. Thou shalt not seethe a kid in his mother's milk.

27 And the Lord said unto Moses, Write thou these words: for after the tenor of these words I have made a covenant with thee and with Israel.

28 And he was there with the Lord forty days and forty nights; he did neither eat bread, nor drink water. And he wrote upon the tables the words of the covenant, the ten commandments.

29 And it came to pass, when Moses came down from mount Sinai with the two tables of testimony in Moses' hand, when he came down from the mount, that Moses wist not that the skin of his face shone while he talked with him.

30 And when Aaron and all the children of Israel saw Moses, behold, the skin of his face shone; and they were afraid to come nigh him.

31 And Moses called unto them; and Aaron and all the rulers of the congregation returned unto him: and Moses talked with them.

32 And afterward all the children of Israel came nigh: and he gave them in commandment all that the Lord had spoken with him in mount Sinai.

33 And till Moses had done speaking with them, he put a vail on his face.

34 But when Moses went in before the Lord to speak with him, he took the vail off, until he came out. And he came out, and spake unto the children of Israel that which he was commanded.

35 And the children of Israel saw the face of Moses, that the skin of Moses' face shone: and Moses put the vail upon his face again, until he went in to speak with him.