20 build . . . holy faith. Jude, like Peter (1 Pet. 2:5) and Paul (1 Cor. 3:16, 17), compares the church to a building. As in v. 3, “faith” refers to the foundational message of the prophets and apostles (Eph. 2:20–22).

pray in the Holy Spirit. In contrast to the false teachers, the prayers of Jude’s readers are controlled by the Spirit, as indeed their whole lives should be (Gal. 5:16–18; Eph. 6:18).