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In 58:1 the prophet refers to a particular type of rebellion that is then explicated in the succeeding verses: empty religious observance (fasting) designed to achieve selfish ends (vv.2-3a) that have no correlation with righteous, ethical behavior (vv.3, 6, 7). It is the height of hypocrisy for one to fast while at the same time one exploits his workers and engages in strife. A genuine fast will result in correcting injustice, freeing the oppressed and those in bondage, feeding the hungry, and providing shelter and clothing for those in need. When these things are done, then God hears and responds (vv.8-9).
The prophet concludes by insisting that the people rebuild the walls of Jerusalem (v.12) and that they keep their priorities straight by keeping the Sabbath (vv.13-14). If they do, God will bless them.