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Parashah 18: Mishpatim (Rulings) 21:1–24:18

21 “These are the rulings you are to present to them:

“If you purchase a Hebrew slave, he is to work six years; but in the seventh, he is to be given his freedom without having to pay anything. If he came single, he is to leave single; if he was married when he came, his wife is to go with him when he leaves. But if his master gave him a wife, and she bore him sons or daughters, then the wife and her children will belong to her master, and he will leave by himself. Nevertheless, if the slave declares, ‘I love my master, my wife and my children, so I don’t want to go free,’ then his master is to bring him before God; and there at the door or doorpost, his master is to pierce his ear with an awl; and the man will be his slave for life.

“If a man sells his daughter as a slave, she is not to go free like the men-slaves. If her master married her but decides she no longer pleases him, then he is to allow her to be redeemed. He is not allowed to sell her to a foreign people, because he has treated her unfairly. If he has her marry his son, then he is to treat her like a daughter. 10 If he marries another wife, he is not to reduce her food, clothing or marital rights. 11 If he fails to provide her with these three things, she is to be given her freedom without having to pay anything.

12 “Whoever attacks a person and causes his death must be put to death. 13 If it was not premeditated but an act of God, then I will designate for you a place to which he can flee. 14 But if someone willfully kills another after deliberate planning, you are to take him even from my altar and put him to death.

15 “Whoever attacks his father or mother must be put to death.

16 “Whoever kidnaps someone must be put to death, regardless of whether he has already sold him or the person is found still in his possession.

17 “Whoever curses his father or mother must be put to death.

18 “If two people fight, and one hits the other with a stone or with his fist, and the injured party doesn’t die but is confined to his bed; 19 then, if he recovers enough to be able to walk around outside, even if with a cane, the attacker will be free of liability, except to compensate him for his loss of time and take responsibility for his care until his recovery is complete.

(ii) 20 “If a person beats his male or female slave with a stick so severely that he dies, he is to be punished; 21 except that if the slave lives for a day or two, he is not to be punished, since the slave is his property.

22 “If people are fighting with each other and happen to hurt a pregnant woman so badly that her unborn child dies, then, even if no other harm follows, he must be fined. He must pay the amount set by the woman’s husband and confirmed by judges. 23 But if any harm follows, then you are to give life for life, 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound and bruise for bruise.

26 “If a person hits his male or female slave’s eye and destroys it, he must let him go free in compensation for his eye. 27 If he knocks out his male or female slave’s tooth, he must let him go free in compensation for his tooth.

28 “If an ox gores a man or a woman to death, the ox is to be stoned and its flesh not eaten, but the owner of the ox will have no further liability. 29 However, if the ox was in the habit of goring in the past, and the owner was warned but did not confine it, so that it ended up killing a man or a woman; then the ox is to be stoned, and its owner too is to be put to death. 30 However, a ransom may be imposed on him; and the death penalty will be commuted if he pays the amount imposed. 31 If the ox gores a son or daughter, the same rule applies. 32 If the ox gores a male or female slave, its owner must give their master twelve ounces of silver; and the ox is to be stoned to death.

33 “If someone removes the cover from a cistern or digs one and fails to cover it, and an ox or donkey falls in, 34 the owner of the cistern must make good the loss by compensating the animal’s owner; but the dead animal will be his.

35 “If one person’s ox hurts another’s, so that it dies, they are to sell the live ox and divide the revenue from the sale; and they are also to divide the dead animal. 36 But if it is known that the ox was in the habit of goring in the past, and the owner did not confine it; he must pay ox for ox, but the dead animal will be his.

37 (22:1) “If someone steals an ox or a sheep and slaughters or sells it, he is to pay five oxen for an ox and four sheep for a sheep.

Gott gibt Rechtsbestimmungen für das Leben des Volkes

21 Und das sind die Rechtsbestimmungen, die du ihnen vorlegen sollst:

Das Recht des hebräischen Sklaven

Wenn du einen hebräischen Sklaven kaufst, soll er sechs Jahre lang dienen, und im siebten soll er unentgeltlich freigelassen werden.

Ist er allein gekommen, so soll er auch allein entlassen werden; ist er aber verheiratet gekommen, so soll seine Frau mit ihm gehen.

Hat ihm aber sein Herr eine Frau gegeben und diese hat ihm Söhne oder Töchter geboren, so soll die Frau samt ihren Kindern seinem Herrn gehören; er aber soll allein entlassen werden.

Wenn aber der Sklave erklärt: Ich liebe meinen Herrn, meine Frau und meine Kinder, ich will nicht freigelassen werden!,

so soll ihn sein Herr vor Gott[a] bringen und ihn an die Tür oder den Pfosten stellen, und er soll ihm seine Ohren mit einem Pfriem[b] durchbohren, damit er ihm diene für alle Zeiten.

Wenn aber jemand seine Tochter als Sklavin verkauft, so soll sie nicht wie die Sklaven freigelassen werden.

Wenn sie ihrem Herrn, der sie für sich bestimmt hatte, missfällt, so soll er sie loskaufen lassen; aber er hat keine Macht, sie unter ein fremdes Volk zu verkaufen, weil er treulos an ihr gehandelt hat.

Verheiratet er sie aber mit seinem Sohn, so soll er nach dem Recht der Töchter mit ihr handeln.

10 Wenn er sich aber eine andere nimmt, so soll er jener nichts schmälern an Nahrung, Kleidung und der ehelichen Beiwohnung.

11 Wenn er diese drei Dinge nicht tut, so soll sie umsonst frei werden, ohne Lösegeld.

Bestimmungen über Totschlag und Körperverletzung

12 Wer einen Menschen schlägt, dass er stirbt, der soll unbedingt sterben.

13 Hat er ihm aber nicht nachgestellt, sondern hat Gott es seiner Hand geschehen lassen, so will ich dir einen Ort bestimmen, wohin er fliehen soll.

14 Wenn aber jemand gegen seinen Nächsten frevelhaft handelt, sodass er ihn vorsätzlich umbringt, [sogar] von meinem Altar sollst du ihn wegholen, damit er stirbt!

15 Wer seinen Vater oder seine Mutter schlägt, der soll unbedingt sterben.

16 Wer einen Menschen raubt, sei es, dass er ihn verkauft oder dass man ihn noch in seiner Hand findet, der soll unbedingt sterben.

17 Auch wer seinem Vater oder seiner Mutter flucht, soll unbedingt sterben.

18 Wenn Männer miteinander streiten und einer schlägt den anderen mit einem Stein oder mit der Faust, dass er nicht stirbt, aber im Bett liegen muss:

19 Wenn er so weit wiederhergestellt wird, dass er auf einen Stock gestützt ausgehen kann, so soll der, welcher ihn geschlagen hat, straflos bleiben; nur soll er ihn für das Versäumte entschädigen und für seine völlige Heilung sorgen.

20 Und wer seinen Sklaven oder seine Sklavin mit einem Stock schlägt, sodass sie ihm unter der Hand sterben, der soll unbedingt bestraft werden;

21 stehen sie aber nach einem oder zwei Tagen wieder auf, so soll er nicht bestraft werden, weil es sein eigener Schaden ist.

22 Wenn Männer sich streiten und eine schwangere Frau stoßen, sodass eine Frühgeburt eintritt[c], aber sonst kein Schaden entsteht, so muss [dem Schuldigen] eine Geldstrafe auferlegt werden, wie sie der Ehemann der Frau festsetzt; und er soll sie auf richterliche Entscheidung hin geben.

23 Wenn aber ein Schaden entsteht, so sollst du geben: Leben um Leben,

24 Auge um Auge, Zahn um Zahn, Hand um Hand, Fuß um Fuß,

25 Brandmal um Brandmal, Wunde um Wunde, Beule um Beule.

26 Wenn jemand seinem Knecht oder seiner Magd ein Auge ausschlägt, so soll er sie freilassen für das Auge.

27 Und wenn er dem Knecht oder der Magd einen Zahn ausschlägt, soll er sie auch freilassen für den Zahn.

28 Wenn ein Rind einen Mann oder eine Frau zu Tode stößt, so soll man es unbedingt steinigen und sein Fleisch nicht essen; der Eigentümer des Rindes aber soll unbestraft bleiben.

29 Ist aber das Rind seit mehreren Tagen stößig gewesen und wurde sein Eigentümer deshalb verwarnt, hat es aber doch nicht in Verwahrung getan, so soll das Rind, das einen Mann oder eine Frau getötet hat, gesteinigt werden, und auch sein Eigentümer soll sterben.

30 Wird ihm aber ein Lösegeld auferlegt, so soll er zur Erlösung seiner Seele so viel geben, wie man ihm auferlegt.

31 Wenn es einen Sohn oder eine Tochter stößt, so soll man ihn auch nach diesem Recht behandeln.

32 Wenn aber das Rind einen Sklaven stößt oder eine Sklavin, so soll man ihrem Herrn 30 Schekel Silber bezahlen; das Rind aber muss gesteinigt werden.

Schaden und Schadenersatz

33 Wenn jemand eine Zisterne aufdeckt oder eine solche gräbt und sie nicht zudeckt, und es fällt ein Rind oder Esel hinein,

34 so hat der Zisternenbesitzer den Eigentümer des Viehs mit Geld zu entschädigen, das tote Tier aber soll ihm gehören.

35 Wenn jemandes Rind das Rind eines anderen zu Tode stößt, so sollen sie das lebendige Rind verkaufen und das Geld teilen und das tote [Rind] auch teilen.

36 Wusste man aber, dass das Rind schon seit etlichen Tagen stößig war und hat sein Herr es doch nicht in Verwahrung getan, so soll er das Rind ersetzen und das tote behalten.

37 Wenn jemand ein Rind stiehlt oder ein Schaf und es schlachtet oder verkauft, so soll er fünf Rinder für eines erstatten und vier Schafe für eines.

Footnotes

  1. (21,6) Andere Übersetzung: vor die Richter.
  2. (21,6) d.h. eine starke Nadel zur Lederverarbeitung.
  3. (21,22) w. dass die Kinder herauskommen.

21 “These are the laws(A) you are to set before them:

Hebrew Servants(B)(C)

“If you buy a Hebrew servant,(D) he is to serve you for six years. But in the seventh year, he shall go free,(E) without paying anything. If he comes alone, he is to go free alone; but if he has a wife when he comes, she is to go with him. If his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the woman and her children shall belong to her master, and only the man shall go free.

“But if the servant declares, ‘I love my master and my wife and children and do not want to go free,’(F) then his master must take him before the judges.[a](G) He shall take him to the door or the doorpost and pierce(H) his ear with an awl. Then he will be his servant for life.(I)

“If a man sells his daughter as a servant, she is not to go free as male servants do. If she does not please the master who has selected her for himself,[b] he must let her be redeemed. He has no right to sell her to foreigners, because he has broken faith with her. If he selects her for his son, he must grant her the rights of a daughter. 10 If he marries another woman, he must not deprive the first one of her food, clothing and marital rights.(J) 11 If he does not provide her with these three things, she is to go free, without any payment of money.

Personal Injuries

12 “Anyone who strikes a person with a fatal blow is to be put to death.(K) 13 However, if it is not done intentionally, but God lets it happen, they are to flee to a place(L) I will designate. 14 But if anyone schemes and kills someone deliberately,(M) that person is to be taken from my altar and put to death.(N)

15 “Anyone who attacks[c] their father or mother is to be put to death.

16 “Anyone who kidnaps someone is to be put to death,(O) whether the victim has been sold(P) or is still in the kidnapper’s possession.

17 “Anyone who curses their father or mother is to be put to death.(Q)

18 “If people quarrel and one person hits another with a stone or with their fist[d] and the victim does not die but is confined to bed, 19 the one who struck the blow will not be held liable if the other can get up and walk around outside with a staff; however, the guilty party must pay the injured person for any loss of time and see that the victim is completely healed.

20 “Anyone who beats their male or female slave with a rod must be punished if the slave dies as a direct result, 21 but they are not to be punished if the slave recovers after a day or two, since the slave is their property.(R)

22 “If people are fighting and hit a pregnant woman and she gives birth prematurely[e] but there is no serious injury, the offender must be fined whatever the woman’s husband demands(S) and the court allows. 23 But if there is serious injury, you are to take life for life,(T) 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth,(U) hand for hand, foot for foot, 25 burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise for bruise.

26 “An owner who hits a male or female slave in the eye and destroys it must let the slave go free to compensate for the eye. 27 And an owner who knocks out the tooth of a male or female slave must let the slave go free to compensate for the tooth.

28 “If a bull gores a man or woman to death, the bull is to be stoned to death,(V) and its meat must not be eaten. But the owner of the bull will not be held responsible. 29 If, however, the bull has had the habit of goring and the owner has been warned but has not kept it penned up(W) and it kills a man or woman, the bull is to be stoned and its owner also is to be put to death. 30 However, if payment is demanded, the owner may redeem his life by the payment of whatever is demanded.(X) 31 This law also applies if the bull gores a son or daughter. 32 If the bull gores a male or female slave, the owner must pay thirty shekels[f](Y) of silver to the master of the slave, and the bull is to be stoned to death.

33 “If anyone uncovers a pit(Z) or digs one and fails to cover it and an ox or a donkey falls into it, 34 the one who opened the pit must pay the owner for the loss and take the dead animal in exchange.

35 “If anyone’s bull injures someone else’s bull and it dies, the two parties are to sell the live one and divide both the money and the dead animal equally. 36 However, if it was known that the bull had the habit of goring, yet the owner did not keep it penned up,(AA) the owner must pay, animal for animal, and take the dead animal in exchange.

Footnotes

  1. Exodus 21:6 Or before God
  2. Exodus 21:8 Or master so that he does not choose her
  3. Exodus 21:15 Or kills
  4. Exodus 21:18 Or with a tool
  5. Exodus 21:22 Or she has a miscarriage
  6. Exodus 21:32 That is, about 12 ounces or about 345 grams