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Prologue: Christ, the Eternal Word

In the beginning the Word already existed.
    The Word was with God,
    and the Word was God.
He existed in the beginning with God.
God created everything through him,
    and nothing was created except through him.
The Word gave life to everything that was created,[a]
    and his life brought light to everyone.
The light shines in the darkness,
    and the darkness can never extinguish it.[b]

God sent a man, John the Baptist,[c] to tell about the light so that everyone might believe because of his testimony. John himself was not the light; he was simply a witness to tell about the light. The one who is the true light, who gives light to everyone, was coming into the world.

10 He came into the very world he created, but the world didn’t recognize him. 11 He came to his own people, and even they rejected him. 12 But to all who believed him and accepted him, he gave the right to become children of God. 13 They are reborn—not with a physical birth resulting from human passion or plan, but a birth that comes from God.

14 So the Word became human[d] and made his home among us. He was full of unfailing love and faithfulness.[e] And we have seen his glory, the glory of the Father’s one and only Son.

15 John testified about him when he shouted to the crowds, “This is the one I was talking about when I said, ‘Someone is coming after me who is far greater than I am, for he existed long before me.’”

16 From his abundance we have all received one gracious blessing after another.[f] 17 For the law was given through Moses, but God’s unfailing love and faithfulness came through Jesus Christ. 18 No one has ever seen God. But the unique One, who is himself God,[g] is near to the Father’s heart. He has revealed God to us.

The Testimony of John the Baptist

19 This was John’s testimony when the Jewish leaders sent priests and Temple assistants[h] from Jerusalem to ask John, “Who are you?” 20 He came right out and said, “I am not the Messiah.”

21 “Well then, who are you?” they asked. “Are you Elijah?”

“No,” he replied.

“Are you the Prophet we are expecting?”[i]

“No.”

22 “Then who are you? We need an answer for those who sent us. What do you have to say about yourself?”

23 John replied in the words of the prophet Isaiah:

“I am a voice shouting in the wilderness,
    ‘Clear the way for the Lord’s coming!’”[j]

24 Then the Pharisees who had been sent 25 asked him, “If you aren’t the Messiah or Elijah or the Prophet, what right do you have to baptize?”

26 John told them, “I baptize with[k] water, but right here in the crowd is someone you do not recognize. 27 Though his ministry follows mine, I’m not even worthy to be his slave and untie the straps of his sandal.”

28 This encounter took place in Bethany, an area east of the Jordan River, where John was baptizing.

Jesus, the Lamb of God

29 The next day John saw Jesus coming toward him and said, “Look! The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world! 30 He is the one I was talking about when I said, ‘A man is coming after me who is far greater than I am, for he existed long before me.’ 31 I did not recognize him as the Messiah, but I have been baptizing with water so that he might be revealed to Israel.”

32 Then John testified, “I saw the Holy Spirit descending like a dove from heaven and resting upon him. 33 I didn’t know he was the one, but when God sent me to baptize with water, he told me, ‘The one on whom you see the Spirit descend and rest is the one who will baptize with the Holy Spirit.’ 34 I saw this happen to Jesus, so I testify that he is the Chosen One of God.[l]

The First Disciples

35 The following day John was again standing with two of his disciples. 36 As Jesus walked by, John looked at him and declared, “Look! There is the Lamb of God!” 37 When John’s two disciples heard this, they followed Jesus.

38 Jesus looked around and saw them following. “What do you want?” he asked them.

They replied, “Rabbi” (which means “Teacher”), “where are you staying?”

39 “Come and see,” he said. It was about four o’clock in the afternoon when they went with him to the place where he was staying, and they remained with him the rest of the day.

40 Andrew, Simon Peter’s brother, was one of these men who heard what John said and then followed Jesus. 41 Andrew went to find his brother, Simon, and told him, “We have found the Messiah” (which means “Christ”[m]).

42 Then Andrew brought Simon to meet Jesus. Looking intently at Simon, Jesus said, “Your name is Simon, son of John—but you will be called Cephas” (which means “Peter”[n]).

43 The next day Jesus decided to go to Galilee. He found Philip and said to him, “Come, follow me.” 44 Philip was from Bethsaida, Andrew and Peter’s hometown.

45 Philip went to look for Nathanael and told him, “We have found the very person Moses[o] and the prophets wrote about! His name is Jesus, the son of Joseph from Nazareth.”

46 “Nazareth!” exclaimed Nathanael. “Can anything good come from Nazareth?”

“Come and see for yourself,” Philip replied.

47 As they approached, Jesus said, “Now here is a genuine son of Israel—a man of complete integrity.”

48 “How do you know about me?” Nathanael asked.

Jesus replied, “I could see you under the fig tree before Philip found you.”

49 Then Nathanael exclaimed, “Rabbi, you are the Son of God—the King of Israel!”

50 Jesus asked him, “Do you believe this just because I told you I had seen you under the fig tree? You will see greater things than this.” 51 Then he said, “I tell you the truth, you will all see heaven open and the angels of God going up and down on the Son of Man, the one who is the stairway between heaven and earth.[p]

Footnotes

  1. 1:3-4 Or and nothing that was created was created except through him. The Word gave life to everything.
  2. 1:5 Or and the darkness has not understood it.
  3. 1:6 Greek a man named John.
  4. 1:14a Greek became flesh.
  5. 1:14b Or grace and truth; also in 1:17.
  6. 1:16 Or received the grace of Christ rather than the grace of the law; Greek reads received grace upon grace.
  7. 1:18 Some manuscripts read But the one and only Son.
  8. 1:19 Greek and Levites.
  9. 1:21 Greek Are you the Prophet? See Deut 18:15, 18; Mal 4:5-6.
  10. 1:23 Isa 40:3.
  11. 1:26 Or in; also in 1:31, 33.
  12. 1:34 Some manuscripts read the Son of God.
  13. 1:41 Messiah (a Hebrew term) and Christ (a Greek term) both mean “anointed one.”
  14. 1:42 The names Cephas (from Aramaic) and Peter (from Greek) both mean “rock.”
  15. 1:45 Greek Moses in the law.
  16. 1:51 Greek going up and down on the Son of Man; see Gen 28:10-17. “Son of Man” is a title Jesus used for himself.

Story of the Word

In the beginning was the Word
    and the Word was with God
    and the Word was God.
The Word was with God in the beginning.
Everything came into being through the Word,
    and without the Word
    nothing came into being.
What came into being
    through the Word was life,[a]
    and the life was the light for all people.
The light shines in the darkness,
    and the darkness doesn’t extinguish the light.

A man named John was sent from God. He came as a witness to testify concerning the light, so that through him everyone would believe in the light. He himself wasn’t the light, but his mission was to testify concerning the light.

The true light that shines on all people
    was coming into the world.
10 The light was in the world,
    and the world came into being through the light,
        but the world didn’t recognize the light.
11 The light came to his own people,
    and his own people didn’t welcome him.
12 But those who did welcome him,
        those who believed in his name,
    he authorized to become God’s children,
13         born not from blood
        nor from human desire or passion,
        but born from God.
14 The Word became flesh
    and made his home among us.
We have seen his glory,
    glory like that of a father’s only son,
        full of grace and truth.

15 John testified about him, crying out, “This is the one of whom I said, ‘He who comes after me is greater than me because he existed before me.’”

16 From his fullness we have all received grace upon grace;
17     as the Law was given through Moses,
    so grace and truth came into being through Jesus Christ.
18 No one has ever seen God.
    God the only Son,
        who is at the Father’s side,
        has made God known.

John’s witness

19 This is John’s testimony when the Jewish leaders in Jerusalem sent priests and Levites to ask him, “Who are you?”

20 John confessed (he didn’t deny but confessed), “I’m not the Christ.”

21 They asked him, “Then who are you? Are you Elijah?”

John said, “I’m not.”

“Are you the prophet?”

John answered, “No.”

22 They asked, “Who are you? We need to give an answer to those who sent us. What do you say about yourself?”

23 John replied,

I am a voice crying out in the wilderness,
    Make the Lord’s path straight,[b]
    just as the prophet Isaiah said.”

24 Those sent by the Pharisees 25 asked, “Why do you baptize if you aren’t the Christ, nor Elijah, nor the prophet?”

26 John answered, “I baptize with water. Someone greater stands among you, whom you don’t recognize. 27 He comes after me, but I’m not worthy to untie his sandal straps.” 28 This encounter took place across the Jordan in Bethany where John was baptizing.

29 The next day John saw Jesus coming toward him and said, “Look! The Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world! 30 This is the one about whom I said, ‘He who comes after me is really greater than me because he existed before me.’ 31 Even I didn’t recognize him, but I came baptizing with water so that he might be made known to Israel.” 32 John testified, “I saw the Spirit coming down from heaven like a dove, and it rested on him. 33 Even I didn’t recognize him, but the one who sent me to baptize with water said to me, ‘The one on whom you see the Spirit coming down and resting is the one who baptizes with the Holy Spirit.’ 34 I have seen and testified that this one is God’s Son.”

Jesus calls disciples

35 The next day John was standing again with two of his disciples. 36 When he saw Jesus walking along he said, “Look! The Lamb of God!” 37 The two disciples heard what he said, and they followed Jesus.

38 When Jesus turned and saw them following, he asked, “What are you looking for?”

They said, “Rabbi (which is translated Teacher), where are you staying?”

39 He replied, “Come and see.” So they went and saw where he was staying, and they remained with him that day. It was about four o’clock in the afternoon.

40 One of the two disciples who heard what John said and followed Jesus was Andrew, the brother of Simon Peter. 41 He first found his own brother Simon and said to him, “We have found the Messiah” (which is translated Christ[c] ). 42 He led him to Jesus.

Jesus looked at him and said, “You are Simon, son of John. You will be called Cephas” (which is translated Peter).

43 The next day Jesus wanted to go into Galilee, and he found Philip. Jesus said to him, “Follow me.” 44 Philip was from Bethsaida, the hometown of Andrew and Peter.

45 Philip found Nathanael and said to him, “We have found the one Moses wrote about in the Law and the Prophets: Jesus, Joseph’s son, from Nazareth.”

46 Nathanael responded, “Can anything from Nazareth be good?”

Philip said, “Come and see.”

47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming toward him and said about him, “Here is a genuine Israelite in whom there is no deceit.”

48 Nathanael asked him, “How do you know me?”

Jesus answered, “Before Philip called you, I saw you under the fig tree.”

49 Nathanael replied, “Rabbi, you are God’s Son. You are the king of Israel.”

50 Jesus answered, “Do you believe because I told you that I saw you under the fig tree? You will see greater things than these! 51 I assure you that you will see heaven open and God’s angels going up to heaven and down to earth on the Human One.”[d]

Footnotes

  1. John 1:4 Or Everything came into being through the Word,/and without the Word / nothing came into being that came into being. In the Word was life
  2. John 1:23 Isa 40:3
  3. John 1:41 Or Anointed One
  4. John 1:51 Or Son of Man

Neno Alifanyika Mwili

Hapo mwanzo, kabla ya kuwapo kitu kingine cho chote, aliku wapo Neno. Huyo Neno alikuwa pamoja na Mungu, naye alikuwa Mungu. Tangu mwanzo Neno amekuwa na Mungu. Vitu vyote viliumbwa na yeye, wala hakuna cho chote kilichoumbwa ambacho hakukiumba. Uzima ulikuwa ndani yake na uzima huo ndio ulikuwa nuru ya watu. Nuru hiyo huangaza gizani na giza haliwezi kamwe kuizima.

Mtu mmoja aitwaye Yohana alitumwa na Mungu awaambie watu kuhusu hiyo nuru, ili kwa ushuhuda wake wapate kuamini. Yohana mwenyewe hakuwa ile nuru. Yeye alitumwa kuishuhudia hiyo nuru. Nuru halisi ambayo inawaangazia watu wote ilikuwa inakuja ulim wenguni. 10 Neno alikuwepo ulimwenguni, lakini japokuwa aliumba ulimwengu, watu wa ulimwengu hawakumtambua! 11 Alikuja nyumbani kwake, lakini watu wake hawakumpokea! 12 Bali wote waliompokea na kumwamini aliwapa haki ya kufanywa watoto wa Mungu. 13 Hawa hawakuwa watoto wa Mungu kwa kuzaliwa kwa njia ya asili, wala kwa mapenzi au mipango ya watu bali wamezaliwa na Mungu mwenyewe.

14 Neno akawa mwanadamu akaishi kati yetu akiwa amejaa utu kufu na kweli. Tuliona utukufu wake, utukufu wa Mwana pekee wa Baba. 15 Yohana alishuhudia habari zake, akatangaza: “Huyu ndiye yule niliyewaambia kuwa, ‘Yeye ajaye baada yangu ni mkuu kuliko mimi kwa kuwa alikuwapo kabla sijazaliwa.”’ 16 Na kutokana na ukamilifu wake, sisi sote tumepokea neema tele. 17 Musa alitule tea sheria kutoka kwa Mungu, lakini Yesu Kristo ametuletea neema na kweli. 18 Hakuna mtu aliyemwona Mungu wakati wo wote. Lakini Mwanae pekee, ambaye ana uhusiano wa karibu sana na Baba yake, amemdhihirisha Mungu kwetu.

Ujumbe Wa Yohana Mbatizaji

19 Viongozi wa Wayahudi waliwatuma makuhani na Walawi wakam wulize Yohana, “Wewe ni nani?” 20 Yohana akawajibu wazi wazi pasipo kuficha, “Mimi siye Kristo.” 21 Wakamwuliza, “Wewe ni nani basi? Wewe ni Eliya ?” Akajibu, “Hapana, mimi siye.” “Wewe ni yule Nabii?” Akajibu, “Hapana.” 22 Ndipo wakasema, “Basi tuambie wewe ni nani ili tupate jibu la kuwapelekea wale waliotutuma. Tueleze, wewe hasa ni nani?”

23 Akawajibu kwa kutumia maneno ya nabii Isaya, “Mimi ni sauti ya mtu anayeita kwa sauti kuu nyikani, ‘Nyoosheni njia ata kayopita Bwana.”’ 24 Baadhi ya wale waliotumwa na Mafarisayo 25 walimwuliza, “Kama wewe si Kristo, wala Eliya na wala si yule Nabii, kwa nini unabatiza watu?”

26 Yohana akawajibu, “Mimi ninabatiza kwa maji, lakini kati yenu yupo mtu msiyemjua. 27 Yeye anakuja baada yangu, lakini mimi sistahili hata kumvua viatu vyake.”

28 Mambo haya yalitokea Bethania, kijiji kilichoko ng’ambo mashariki ya mto wa Yordani, ambapo Yohana alikuwa akibatiza watu.

Mwana Kondoo Wa Mungu

29 Kesho yake Yohana alimwona Yesu akimjia akasema, “Tazameni! Huyu ndiye Mwana-Kondoo wa Mungu anayeondoa dhambi ya ulimwengu! 30 Huyu ndiye niliyewaambia kwamba, ‘Yeye ajaye baada yangu ni mkuu kuliko mimi kwa maana alikuwapo kabla sijazaliwa.’ 31 Mimi mwenyewe sikumfahamu, lakini nimekuja nikibatiza kwa maji kusudi apate kufahamika kwa watu wa Israeli.”

32 Kisha Yohana akatoa ushuhuda huu: “Nilimwona Roho akish uka kutoka mbinguni kama hua, akakaa juu yake. 33 Mimi nisingem tambua, lakini Mungu ambaye alinituma nibatize watu kwa maji ali kuwa ameniambia kwamba, ‘Yule mtu utakayemwona Roho akimshukia kutoka mbinguni na kukaa juu yake, huyo ndiye atakayebatiza kwa Roho Mtakatifu.’ 34 Mimi nimeona jambo hili na ninashuhudia kuwa huyu ndiye Mwana wa Mungu.”

Wanafunzi Wa Kwanza Wa Yesu

35 Kesho yake, Yohana alikuwapo pale pamoja na wanafunzi wake wawili. 36 Alipomwona Yesu akipita, alisema, “Tazameni! Mwana-Kondoo wa Mungu!” 37 Wale wanafunzi wawili walipomsikia Yohana akisema haya, walimfuata Yesu. 38 Yesu akageuka akawaona wakimfuata akawauliza, “Mnataka nini?” Wakamwambia, “Rabi’ 39 Yesu akawajibu, “Njooni mkapaone!” Ilikuwa yapata saa kumi jioni. Basi wakaenda wakaona alipokuwa anaishi, wakashinda naye siku hiyo.

40 Mmojawapo wa hao wanafunzi wawili waliomfuata Yesu baada ya kusikia maneno ya Yohana, alikuwa ni Andrea, ndugu yake Simoni Petro. 41 Mara baada ya haya Andrea alikwenda kumtafuta ndugu yake akamwambia, “Tumemwona Masihi,” yaani Kristo. 42 Andrea akampeleka Simoni kwa Yesu. Yesu akamtazama, akasema, “Wewe ni Simoni mwana wa Yohana; sasa utaitwa Kefa.” Tafsiri ya Kefa kwa Kigiriki ni Petro, maana yake ‘Mwamba’.

Yesu Anawaita Filipo Na Nathanaeli

43 Kesho yake Yesu aliamua kwenda Galilaya. Akakutana na Filipo, akamwambia, “Nifuate.” 44 Filipo alikuwa mwenyeji wa Bethsaida, mji ambapo Andrea na Petro walikuwa wanaishi. 45 Fil ipo naye akamtafuta Nathanaeli akamwambia, “Tumekutana na Yesu wa Nazareti mwana wa Yusufu, ambaye Musa katika Torati na pia Manabii waliandika habari zake.” 46 Nathanaeli akajibu, “Je, inawezekana kitu cho chote chema kikatoka Nazareti?” Filipo akamwambia, “Njoo ukajionee mwenyewe.” 47 Yesu alipomwona Nathanaeli anakaribia, akasema, “Huyu ni Mwisraeli halisi. Hana udanganyifu wo wote.” 48 Nathanaeli akamwuliza, “Umenifaha muje? ” Yesu akamjibu, “Nilikuona wakati ulipokuwa chini ya mtini, kabla hata Filipo hajakuita.” 49 Nathanaeli akamwambia, “Mwalimu, wewe ni Mwana wa Mungu! Wewe ni Mfalme wa Israeli!” 50 Yesu akamwambia, “Unaamini kwa kuwa nimekuambia kwamba nili kuona chini ya mtini? Basi utaona mambo makuu zaidi kuliko hilo!” 51 Ndipo akawaambia, “Ninawaambia hakika, mtaona mbingu ikifunguka, na malaika wa Mungu wakienda mbinguni na kushuka juu yangu mimi Mwana wa Adamu.”

The Word Became Flesh

In the beginning was the Word,(A) and the Word was with God,(B) and the Word was God.(C) He was with God in the beginning.(D) Through him all things were made; without him nothing was made that has been made.(E) In him was life,(F) and that life was the light(G) of all mankind. The light shines in the darkness,(H) and the darkness has not overcome[a] it.(I)

There was a man sent from God whose name was John.(J) He came as a witness to testify(K) concerning that light, so that through him all might believe.(L) He himself was not the light; he came only as a witness to the light.

The true light(M) that gives light to everyone(N) was coming into the world. 10 He was in the world, and though the world was made through him,(O) the world did not recognize him. 11 He came to that which was his own, but his own did not receive him.(P) 12 Yet to all who did receive him, to those who believed(Q) in his name,(R) he gave the right to become children of God(S) 13 children born not of natural descent, nor of human decision or a husband’s will, but born of God.(T)

14 The Word became flesh(U) and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his glory,(V) the glory of the one and only Son, who came from the Father, full of grace(W) and truth.(X)

15 (John testified(Y) concerning him. He cried out, saying, “This is the one I spoke about when I said, ‘He who comes after me has surpassed me because he was before me.’”)(Z) 16 Out of his fullness(AA) we have all received grace(AB) in place of grace already given. 17 For the law was given through Moses;(AC) grace and truth came through Jesus Christ.(AD) 18 No one has ever seen God,(AE) but the one and only Son, who is himself God and[b](AF) is in closest relationship with the Father, has made him known.

John the Baptist Denies Being the Messiah

19 Now this was John’s(AG) testimony when the Jewish leaders[c](AH) in Jerusalem sent priests and Levites to ask him who he was. 20 He did not fail to confess, but confessed freely, “I am not the Messiah.”(AI)

21 They asked him, “Then who are you? Are you Elijah?”(AJ)

He said, “I am not.”

“Are you the Prophet?”(AK)

He answered, “No.”

22 Finally they said, “Who are you? Give us an answer to take back to those who sent us. What do you say about yourself?”

23 John replied in the words of Isaiah the prophet, “I am the voice of one calling in the wilderness,(AL) ‘Make straight the way for the Lord.’”[d](AM)

24 Now the Pharisees who had been sent 25 questioned him, “Why then do you baptize if you are not the Messiah, nor Elijah, nor the Prophet?”

26 “I baptize with[e] water,”(AN) John replied, “but among you stands one you do not know. 27 He is the one who comes after me,(AO) the straps of whose sandals I am not worthy to untie.”(AP)

28 This all happened at Bethany on the other side of the Jordan,(AQ) where John was baptizing.

John Testifies About Jesus

29 The next day John saw Jesus coming toward him and said, “Look, the Lamb of God,(AR) who takes away the sin of the world!(AS) 30 This is the one I meant when I said, ‘A man who comes after me has surpassed me because he was before me.’(AT) 31 I myself did not know him, but the reason I came baptizing with water was that he might be revealed to Israel.”

32 Then John gave this testimony: “I saw the Spirit come down from heaven as a dove and remain on him.(AU) 33 And I myself did not know him, but the one who sent me to baptize with water(AV) told me, ‘The man on whom you see the Spirit come down and remain is the one who will baptize with the Holy Spirit.’(AW) 34 I have seen and I testify that this is God’s Chosen One.”[f](AX)

John’s Disciples Follow Jesus(AY)

35 The next day John(AZ) was there again with two of his disciples. 36 When he saw Jesus passing by, he said, “Look, the Lamb of God!”(BA)

37 When the two disciples heard him say this, they followed Jesus. 38 Turning around, Jesus saw them following and asked, “What do you want?”

They said, “Rabbi”(BB) (which means “Teacher”), “where are you staying?”

39 “Come,” he replied, “and you will see.”

So they went and saw where he was staying, and they spent that day with him. It was about four in the afternoon.

40 Andrew, Simon Peter’s brother, was one of the two who heard what John had said and who had followed Jesus. 41 The first thing Andrew did was to find his brother Simon and tell him, “We have found the Messiah” (that is, the Christ).(BC) 42 And he brought him to Jesus.

Jesus looked at him and said, “You are Simon son of John. You will be called(BD) Cephas” (which, when translated, is Peter[g]).(BE)

Jesus Calls Philip and Nathanael

43 The next day Jesus decided to leave for Galilee. Finding Philip,(BF) he said to him, “Follow me.”(BG)

44 Philip, like Andrew and Peter, was from the town of Bethsaida.(BH) 45 Philip found Nathanael(BI) and told him, “We have found the one Moses wrote about in the Law,(BJ) and about whom the prophets also wrote(BK)—Jesus of Nazareth,(BL) the son of Joseph.”(BM)

46 “Nazareth! Can anything good come from there?”(BN) Nathanael asked.

“Come and see,” said Philip.

47 When Jesus saw Nathanael approaching, he said of him, “Here truly is an Israelite(BO) in whom there is no deceit.”(BP)

48 “How do you know me?” Nathanael asked.

Jesus answered, “I saw you while you were still under the fig tree before Philip called you.”

49 Then Nathanael declared, “Rabbi,(BQ) you are the Son of God;(BR) you are the king of Israel.”(BS)

50 Jesus said, “You believe[h] because I told you I saw you under the fig tree. You will see greater things than that.” 51 He then added, “Very truly I tell you,[i] you[j] will see ‘heaven open,(BT) and the angels of God ascending and descending(BU) on’[k] the Son of Man.”(BV)

Footnotes

  1. John 1:5 Or understood
  2. John 1:18 Some manuscripts but the only Son, who
  3. John 1:19 The Greek term traditionally translated the Jews (hoi Ioudaioi) refers here and elsewhere in John’s Gospel to those Jewish leaders who opposed Jesus; also in 5:10, 15, 16; 7:1, 11, 13; 9:22; 18:14, 28, 36; 19:7, 12, 31, 38; 20:19.
  4. John 1:23 Isaiah 40:3
  5. John 1:26 Or in; also in verses 31 and 33 (twice)
  6. John 1:34 See Isaiah 42:1; many manuscripts is the Son of God.
  7. John 1:42 Cephas (Aramaic) and Peter (Greek) both mean rock.
  8. John 1:50 Or Do you believe … ?
  9. John 1:51 The Greek is plural.
  10. John 1:51 The Greek is plural.
  11. John 1:51 Gen. 28:12