Footnotes

1. Job 39:1 tn The text uses the infinitive as the object: “do you know the giving birth of?”
2. Job 39:1 tn Or “ibex.”
3. Job 39:2 tn Here the infinitive is again a substantive: “the time of their giving birth.”
4. Job 39:3 tc The Hebrew verb used here means “to cleave,” and this would not have the object “their young.” Olshausen and others after him change the ח (khet) to ט (tet) and get a verb “to drop,” meaning “drop [= give birth to] young” as used in Job 21:10. G. R. Driver holds out for the MT, arguing it is an idiom, “to breach the womb” (“Problems in the Hebrew text of Job,” VTSup 3 [1955]: 92-93).
5. Job 39:3 tn Heb “they cast forth their labor pains.” This word usually means “birth pangs” but here can mean what caused the pains (metonymy of effect). This fits better with the parallelism, and the verb (“cast forth”). The words “their offspring” are supplied in the translation for clarity; direct objects were often omitted when clear from the context, although English expects them to be included.
6. Job 39:4 tn The idea is that of the open countryside. The Aramaism is found only here.