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20:1–48 The attack upon the Levite and his concubine resulted in civil war between all Israel and Benjamin (ch. 19). Repeated reference to Israel’s oneness (vv. 1–2, 8, 11) makes an important point: Israel was united for the first time in the Book of Judges. Although their action was not unjust, it is sad that they were united only in order to punish one of their own number (v. 23). Judah was to lead against Benjamin as it had led against the Canaanites (v. 18; 1:1, 2 and notes).